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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 35 of 72 ions by monovalent permselective membranes, BMSED was successfully implemented for base/acid production [167], and lithium hydroxide production [168]. Although researchers are studying more complex effluents for specific ion recovery, SED prototypes still exhibit moderate current efficiencies for divalent ions, up to 43% for SED and 58% for BMSED [157,167,168]. A significant drawback for SED is the cost of MVCs and MVAs compared to IEMs, however Jiang et al. [169] recently developed a new way to prepare these membranes by fouling deposition. During this study, sulfonated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO) was successfully deposited on the membrane, leading to a uniform surface modification and an enhanced increase permselectivity even higher than commercial MVA. Other researchers fabricated MVAs with amphoteric materials based on an imidazolium-functionalized poly (arylene ether sulfone) and sulfonated polysulfone. The synthesized membranes exhibited low swelling ratio and high Cl− selectivity [170]. Wang et al. [165] developed MVC by interfacial polymerization of a thin-film composite (TFC) on a commercial CEM to better predict the purity of final SED products. However, the stability of such membranes, as well as the full understanding of the permselectivity mechanism induced by the fouling layer or TFC layer, respectively, would require further investigations before potential use in large-scale studies or industrial implementation. Figure 17. Principle of selectrodialysis. CEM: cation-exchange membrane; AEM: anion-exchange membrane; MVA: monovalent selective anion exchange membrane; A−, A’2−: anions; C+: cations. 4.5. Electrodialysis with Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM-ED) Liquid membranes consist in a layer of organic solvent in between two aqueous solutions [171]. The more common examples are supported liquid membranes (SLMs), however their poor stability hinder greatly scale-up considerations [172]. Therefore, although liquid membranes are used in ED stacks for about 50 years for metal ions recovery as an alternative to solid IEMs, practical studies remain scarce [171]. A noticeable example would be the use of an organic liquid film sandwiched between two CEMs as an electrodialytic cell for selective lithium removal [173]. In order to improve the efficiency and selectivity of liquid membranes, another alternative has been developed in the form of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). These membranes contain an extractant or carrier working as an ion-exchanger or a complexing agent to transport specific species across the membrane according to a concentration gradient. A base polymer is used as the structure of the membrane while a plasticizer can be added to tweak the mechanical properties of the assembly, providing more flexibility [172,174]. Contrary to SLMs which work like a compartment containing a solution, PIMs take the form of a cured composite film. Therefore, PIMs exhibit better long-term stability than SLMs and allow for a much thinner design [172,175]. PIMs are used in analytical chemistry for sample pre-treatment due to their high selectivity [176]. Although those membranes have been used for electro-membrane extraction (EME) [177], their implementation as part of an ED cell is more recent.PDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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