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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 41 of 72 with large-scale RO or ED systems. Therefore, they suggest that it should be developed as a portable strategy for emergency specific use in case of natural disasters for example or in remote areas. Current equipment could produce 20 L of purified water per day [220]. It is an interesting and readily available alternative to the usual approach as it skips the extensive steps towards industrial scale-up Another novel feature brought by shock ED is the combination with functionalities other than deionization. By tweaking the nature of the porous media, shock ED can exhibit micron-scale and nanoparticle aggregates filtration as well as bacteria elimination either by filtration or intense electric field [223]. Latest developments of shock ED focussed on diversifying the potential applications as well as optimizing performances. Alkhadra et al. [221] developed a small-scale unit for decentralized desalination using sodium citrate buffer as a cleaner electrolyte and obtained a 99.98% rejection of salts. A similar shock ED configuration was studied and selectively removes divalent magnesium cations (>99% Mg2+) due to different mobility mechanism compared to monovalent Na+ [224]. This technology has also been implemented as a multi-step process to remove radionuclides from artificial contaminated water simulating effluent from nuclear energy production. After three recirculations through the shock ED system the authors were able to remove 96.3% of Cs+, 97.6% of Li+ and 99.6% of Co2+, showing promises as a new method for radioactive wastewaters treatment [225]. 4.10. Electrodialysis with Filtration Membrane (EDFM) Electrodialysis with filtration membrane (EDFM) is gaining an increasing interest as a selective separation process and was recently reviewed thoroughly by Dlask and Václavíková [226] and Sun et al. [227]. It involves the integration of filtration membranes to the electrodialysis stack, mainly ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membranes (Figure 22). In the next sections, the principles and latest development of this technique are presented. Figure 22. Principle of EDFM using a cationic configuration. CEM: cation-exchange membrane; FM: filtration membrane, A−: anions; C+: cations; M−, M+: charged macromolecules. 4.10.1. Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membrane (EDUF) While Galier and Roux-de Balmann [228] investigated the integration of ultrafiltration membranes (UFMs) in electrophoretic membrane contactors, Bazinet’s team developed a new type of electrodialytic configuration by using FMs to replace IEMs in order to broaden the range of ED applications. Exceeding the 500-Da molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of IEMs, UFMs could allow the migration of charged species of higher molecular weights. After the study of the EDUF (electrodialysis with ultrafiltrationPDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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