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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 53 of 72 process is thus a suitable option for their separation [332]. Mikhaylin et al. [88] recently proposed a novel approach for the recovery of caseins from milk as sources of bioactive peptides. Their EDBM-UF process allowed continuous operation as illustrated in Figure 27. Caseins were kept in the UF retentate while the lactose-enriched permeate was used as feed for EDBM, thus avoiding fouling in the electrodialytic cell. Caseins were precipitated as curds due to the decreased pH induced by H+ generation by EDBM. In the same time, the generation of OH− on the other side of the bipolar membrane and the migration of Na+ from the electrolyte produced NaOH as a co-product that could be used for cleaning. Interestingly, demineralized whey was also produced in the UF retentate after filtration of the caseins. This was due to the recirculation of the lactose-enriched permeate in the EDBM cell and its demineralization through the CEM, which produced an additional fraction enriched in divalent cations. In addition, it was demonstrated that the caseins and caseinates produced by EDBM were equivalent in terms of lactose and protein contents to their respective chemically produced caseins and caseinates, but presenting lower sodium content and higher magnesium and calcium contents [137]. The higher calcium content is very interesting since this high concentration induced by the new EDBM process add an increased value to the final product. Indeed, the high calcium content of the produced caseins and caseinates could justify their use as a calcium rich protein source, notably in osteoporosis patient, since calcium is essential to bone health [333]. Furthermore, the fact that the calcium is likely bounded to milk protein makes it somewhat pH resistant and ensured its absorbability [334]. This could make these caseins or caseinates from the new EDBM process suitable as improved protein-based calcium supplement both for its enhanced nutritionals quality and for the fact that it is produced by a green process [137]. The LCA of the process demonstrated a 10% reduction of the environmental impact when compared to the usual chemical method for precipitation. Casein yield was also increased by 8% and additional value-added co-products were generated leading to a more optimal valorization [335]. Figure 27. Eco-efficient milk processing by EDBM-UF for casein production (adapted from Mikhaylin et al. [335]). UF: ultrafiltration; BM: bipolar membrane; CEM: cation-exchange membrane. As previously mentioned, whey is a by-product from the dairy industry generated in large amounts. Its disposal raises environmental issues due to its high organic acid and saline content [113].PDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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