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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 55 of 72 The awareness that those technologies or derivate ones are attractive to meet the new challenges of eco-efficiency and/or circular economy also led to develop innovative sustainable strategies integrating ED processes. Amongst others, the combination of various technologies with electrodialytic processes at different steps of the production and the maximization of high added-value co-products seems like a viable strategy according to recent life cycle assessment studies. The possibility to recycle membranes for other types of applications also holds great potential. In opposition to large-scale developments, small-scale prototypes and portable devices should be encouraged for local or emergency supply. This would lead to concrete solutions to provide pure water access to remote and poorer areas as they are those who need it the most. However, to prove the eco-efficiency or sustainability of such processes or process strategies, more life cycle assessments will be necessary to convince people of the merits or validity of these technologies and their couplings. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.B. and T.R.G.; methodology, L.B. and T.R.G.; software, L.B. and T.R.G.; validation, L.B. and T.R.G.; formal analysis, L.B. and T.R.G.; investigation, L.B. and T.R.G.; resources, L.B. and T.R.G.; data curation, L.B. and T.R.G.; writing—original draft preparation, L.B. and T.R.G.; writing—review and editing, L.B. and T.R.G.; visualization, L.B. and T.R.G.; supervision, L.B.; project administration, L.B.; funding acquisition, L.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) financial support is acknowledged. This work was supported by the NSERC Industrial Research Chair on ElectroMembrane processes aiming the ecoefficiency improvement of biofood production lines (Grant IRCPJ 492889-15 to Laurent Bazinet) and the NSERC Discovery Grants Program (Grant SD 210829409 to Laurent Bazinet). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations AEM BMSED CDI CEDI CEM COD CP DBL DC DH ECV ED EDBM, BMED EDBMUF EDFM EDI EDM EDNF EDR EDUF EED FCDI FEDI FO HI HSS IEM IX LCA LCD LSS MCDI MEA MVA MVC MWCO NF NOM OMBR pEDR Anion-Exchange Membrane Selectrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane Continuous Current Capacitive Deionization Continuous Electrodeionization Cation-Exchange Membrane Concentration Polarization Diffusion Boundary Layers Direct Current Degree of Hydrolysis Electroconvective Vortex Electrodialysis Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane and Ultrafiltration Membrane Electrodialysis with Filtration Membrane Electrodeionization Electrodialysis Metathesis Electrodialysis with Nanofiltration Membrane Electrodialysis Reversal Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membrane Electro-Electrodialysis Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization Fractional Electrodeionization Forward Osmosis Hydrogen Iodide High-Salinity Stream Ion-Exchange Membrane Ion-exchange Life Cycle Assessment Limiting Current Density Low-Salinity Stream Membrane Capacitive Deionization Membrane-Electrode Assembly Monovalent permselective Anion-exchange Monovalent permselective Cation-exchange Molecular Weight Cut-Off Nanofiltration Natural Organic Matter Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor Electrodialysis Reversal under Pulsed Electric FiledPDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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