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Chapter 1 Introduction and Approach 1.1 Introduction In 2008, there were 14,780 municipal wastewater treatment plants operating in the United States. These plants ranged in size from a few hundred gallons per day (GPD) to more than 1440 million gallons per day (MGD). Early efforts in water pollution control began in the late 1800s with construction of facilities to prevent human waste from reaching drinking water supplies. Since the passage of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (known as the Clean Water Act [CWA]), municipal wastewater treatment facilities have been designed and built or upgraded to abate an ever-increasing volume and diversity of pollutants. The CWA requires that municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges meet a minimum of secondary treatment. However, in 2008, nearly 37 percent of the municipal facilities produced and discharged effluent at higher levels of treatment than the minimum federal standards for secondary treatment. To meet the challenge of keeping progress in wastewater pollution abatement ahead of population growth, changes in industrial processes, and technological developments, EPA is providing this document to make information available on recent advances and innovative techniques. This document updates the original 2008 publication “Emerging Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management” EPA 832-R-06-006. The goal of this document is straight forward—to provide a guide for persons seeking information on innovative and emerging wastewater treatment technologies. The guide lists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for further technological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool for wastewater facility owners/utilities, operators, planners, and consultants. New technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory and bench- scale investigations to pilot studies, and to initiate use or “full-scale demonstrations” before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at pilot stages; others see limited application in the field, but poor performance, complications, or unexpected costs may cause them to lose favor. Even technologies that become established may lose favor in time, as technological advances lead to obsolescence. In short, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present in nature; those that cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that adapt to changing technological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve long-standing success and survival in the market. Some wastewater treatment processes have been established for many years, but that does not mean that they are static. During the operation of treatment systems using these established technologies, engineers and operators have altered and improved efficiency and performance. In other cases, established technologies applied to one aspect of treatment have Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management 1-1PDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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