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Chapter 2 Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes 2.1 Introduction For the purpose of this report, physical and chemical treatment processes are defined as treatment technologies that do not include any biomass in the process to achieve the treatment objective. Physical processes remove solids from wastewater as it flows through screens or filter media, or solids are removed by gravity settling or air flotation. Particles entrapped with air float to the surface and can be removed. Chemicals are used in wastewater treatment to create changes in the pollutants that increase the ability to remove them. Changes may include forming floc or a heavier particle mass to improve removal by physical processes. As a result, chemical addition and physical processes are usually employed together to provide treatment. This chapter focuses on advances in basic physical and chemical treatment processes. 2.2 Technology Assessment A summary of established, innovative, emerging, and adaptive use technologies (there are no research technologies in this chapter) for physical and/or chemical treatment processes is provided in Table 2.1. A comparative evaluation among innovative technologies is provided in Figure 2.1. Most of the physical chemical processes are established, and they are very essential unit processes that are widely used in various applications in wastewater treatment. Innovative development in physical and chemical technologies includes BluePROTM reactive media filtration, phosphorus recovery (struvite or calcium phosphate precipitation), compressible media filtration, magnetite ballasted sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, and nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. These technologies focus on the separation of liquids and solids and phosphorus (which is removed as a solid). Advanced solids separation is critical as a preliminary process step and as an advanced treatment step to reduce suspended solids, plus nutrients and other compounds, in the effluent. The application of these technologies has promoted the reuse of wastewater by providing a very high-quality effluent. This chapter also discusses some of the adaptive uses or unique applications of already established technologies. For example, microwave ultraviolet disinfection is an adaptation of UV disinfection that can reduce energy consumption and increase lamp life. The Ballasted High Rate Clarification (BHRC) processes use a high-rate chemical/physical clarification process that involves the formation of suspended solids onto a ballast particle with the aid of a coagulant and polymer. The BHRC process includes the patented Actiflo® and DensaDeg® processes. Emerging technologies include alternative disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA), ammonia recovery processes including vacuum distillation, BlueCATTM adsorption filtration which the vendor indicates can be used for removal of microconstituents, with advanced oxidation and the Salsnes filter for primary treatment. These technologies are discussed in the technology summaries in this chapter. Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management 2-1PDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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