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Emerging Technologies Nutrient Removal prepared 2012 March 2013 Technology Summary Phosphorus Recovery (Struvite or Calcium Phosphate Precipitation) Objective: State of Development: Precipitation and recovery of phosphorus as a Innovative. usable product. Description: Phosphorus recovery has become desirable as the potential for worldwide phosphorus shortage has been recognized (Bufe, 2010). Because phosphorus can be removed from wastewater in solid form only, it must either be a component of the sludge or recovered as a separate solid phase. Although several other approaches have been proposed, precipitation with crystallization has been adopted at several full-scale facilities. Effective phosphorus recovery is implemented in the high phosphorus return stream of sludge liquor from dewatering or decanting rather than in the mainstream where the phosphorus concentration is much lower. Although phosphorus recovery could be used with sludge liquor from treatment plants using metal phosphate precipitation, the process is most practical when coupled with biological phosphorus removal, which transfers much of the mainstream phosphorus to the sludge but allows a larger portion of it to be released particularly during anaerobic digestion. Although there are several variations, the basic precipitation/crystallization process is similar. The sludge liquor is returned to an upflow fluidized bed reactor along with a chemical added to generate a precipitate. A common additive is magnesium to generate a magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitate (MgNH4PO4). Otherwise known as MAP or struvite, this precipitate occurs frequently in sludge handling systems even without supplemental magnesium. Controlled addition of magnesium and manipulation of upflow rate causes the precipitate to be efficiently formed and suspended in the flow until it grows to the desired size, at which point, it settles to the bottom of the reactor cone and is removed. The product is marketed as a fertilizer. Because MAP includes 0.45 lb N for every 1.0 lb P, struvite precipitation will also remove and recover nitrogen but to a lesser degree than phosphorus. Up to 85% P recovery has been reported by Ostara. The Crystalactor process, developed by DHV and marketed in the United States by Procorp, has been used to precipitate calcium phosphate (generally impractical for domestic WWTP applications because of carbonate interference [IWA, 2012]) and is being applied to precipitate struvite. The product is heated dried, bagged, and is the property of the WWTP owner. Procorp will help with marketing. The Ostara Pearl process is controlled to produce pellets of 1 to 3.5 mm, which are marketed by Ostara as CrystalGreen fertilizer. The Multiform Harvest process uses a smaller reactor with no recycle to produce a raw struvite precipitate that Multiform Harvest markets after converting it to a saleable product through further off-site processing. These phosphorus recovery processes can be combined with phosphorus release upstream of thickening equipment and anaerobic digesters to decrease uncontrolled struvite formation. The approach involves combining primary sludge with waste activated sludge from a biological phosphorus removal process under anaerobic conditions to induce phosphorus release. Ostara’s WASSTRIP process is one example. Comparison to Established Technologies: The most common method for phosphorus removal from wastewater is by precipitation/adsorption with waste activated sludge. Biological phosphorus removal is also relatively common. Both processes result in phosphorus being transferred from the wastewater to the sludge. When the sludge is stabilized and the biosolids are land applied, the phosphorus is essentially recovered as a soil/crop nutrient. However, when the sludge is incinerated or otherwise disposed of, the phosphorus could be effectively lost, although some consideration has been given to phosphorus recovery from ash. Phosphorus recovery methods separate a large portion of the phosphorus from the sludge so that the two can be managed independently. One important benefit of phosphorus recovery technologies is that any metal ions in the sludge remain with the sludge and are not co-precipitated with the phosphorus. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Highly dependent on wastestream strength. Approximate O&M Costs: Not available. 2-8 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather ManagementPDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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