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Emerging Technologies Solids Removal updated 2012 March 2013 Technology Summary Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) Objective: NF and RO are membrane processes that can be used to remove recalcitrant compounds that otherwise contribute organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, to reduce total dissolved solids, and to remove viruses. Description: State of Development: Innovative. Tertiary membrane filtration for advanced treatment of secondary effluent can be accomplished using NF or RO. Typical characteristics for each are Characteristic NF RO Pore size range Molecular weight cutoff Operating pressure 0.001–0.01 micrometers 200–400 Daltons 70–120 psig 0.0001–0.001 micrometers 100–200 Daltons 125–300 psig NF and RO Treatment Process Characteristics RO operates by high-pressure diffusion of solutes through the membrane; NF uses both diffusion and sieving action. NF removes many of the same organic compounds that would be targeted with RO but allows more of the inorganic material to remain. Both processes are used for removing priority organic pollutants, recalcitrant organics, bacteria, and viruses. Recently, NF and RO have been considered as technology to achieve low levels of total nitrogen. However, recent research (Merlo et al. 2012) has determined that even RO does not consistently achieve total nitrogen levels less than 1.0 mg/L. Both are useful for removing pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other micro-constituents. NF and RO are primarily used where water reuse is the treatment goal. Typically, microfiltration or ultrafiltration is used as a pretreatment process for water that is required to be treated through NF or RO. The membranes are typically made of cellulose acetate or aromatic polyamides and are spiral wound and hollow fiber. NF is operated at lower pressures, so it uses less energy than RO. Both require membrane replacement as trans-membrane pressure increases from fouling. 2-18 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather ManagementPDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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