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Chapter 3 Biological Treatment Processes 3.1 Introduction Biological treatment processes are systems that use microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants from wastewater. In wastewater treatment, natural biodegradation processes have been contained and accelerated in systems to remove organic material and nutrients. The microorganisms metabolize nutrients, colloids, and dissolved organic matter, resulting in treated wastewater. Excess microbial growth is removed from the treated wastewater by physical processes. Biological processes are the preferred way of treatment as they are cost effective in terms of energy consumption and chemical usage. For example, biological nutrient removal (BNR) has emerged as the preferred approach for nutrient removal. BNR processes involve modifications of biological treatment systems so that the microorganisms in these systems can more effectively convert nitrate nitrogen into inert nitrogen gas and trap phosphorus in solids that are removed from the effluent. IFAS (Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge, MBBR (Moving Bed Bio-Reactor), and MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor) processes have all become established technologies for situations where reactor volume is at a premium and are particularly well suited to BNR applications. In the last several years, nitritation/denitritation and deammonification processes have made the transition from Europe and are beginning to be implemented at large US utilities. 3.2 Technology Assessment Table 3.1 presents a categorized list of established, innovative, emerging and research biological treatment process technologies. The list includes most established biological treatment processes and recent developments in cost-effective methods to retrofit older systems or result in systems with smaller footprints. Experience with operation of biological systems and the ongoing effort to maximize process performance have resulted in modification or development of several biological treatment processes that warrant discussion in this chapter on innovative, adaptive use, emerging, and research technologies. Generally, the improvements in established biological treatment processes provide treatment of recycle streams, optimize recycle, and maximize nutrient-removal capabilities. Selecting and classifying technologies for inclusion in this report was a challenging task. Biological processes in particular are constantly evolving such that in many cases the same process configuration will be known under two or more names or the same name may be applied to slightly different process configurations. Rather than adopting a defined and named configuration, current practice is to use modern process modeling to develop a site specific process configuration. Consequently, skilled practitioners can apply the fundamentals of process engineering to develop an essentially infinite range of site specific process Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management 3-1PDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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