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March 2013 Bioaugmentation updated 2012 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Bioaugmentation Objective: To increase treatment capacity by adding bacteria to the bioreactor or upstream of the treatment reactor. Most frequently used to enhance nitrification, thereby allowing more reactor volume to be used for denitrification or phosphorus removal. Can also be used to decrease influent loadings. Note: This fact sheet addresses biological additives and does not include chemical or enzymatic additives. Description: State of Development: Innovative. Providing active biomass to the influent of any activated sludge process provides a lower effluent substrate (i.e., chemical oxygen demand [COD], ammonia-N) concentration for any particular solids retention time (SRT). Such bioaugmentation also prevents the phenomenon known as washout because the reactor will contain active biomass even if the wasting rate exceeds the growth rate. Consequently, bioaugmentation is used to stabilize biological processes that would otherwise be unsustainable at the SRT allowed by the available reactor volume. This is particularly true for nitrification processes that operate at relatively slow growth rates and require long SRTs for stability. In nitrifying systems, the need for an aerobic SRT sufficient to nitrify determines the aeration basin volume. By using bioaugmentation to reduce the required SRT, the capacity of the aeration basin is increased or the aerobic volume can be reduced. Reducing aerobic volume by converting a portion of the basin to anoxic or anaerobic operation can allow conversion to a biological nutrient removal (BNR) process without additional reactor tankage. Two types of bioaugmentation schemes can be used: (1) external bioaugmentation and (2) in situ bioaugmentation. External bioaugmentation includes adding external-source nitrifiers; in situ bioaugmentation provides internal process enhancements that increase activity or enrich nitrifier population. The advantage of external bioaugmentation schemes is that the promotion of nitrification in the mainstream process can be decoupled from its aerobic SRT. The advantage of in situ schemes is that there is less concern about the loss of activity of the seed nitrifiers when transferred to the mainstream process because their conditions of growth (i.e., temperature, osmotic pressure) are similar to those prevalent in the mainstream process. External Bioaugmentation Examples of external bioaugmentation include seeding from commercial sources of nitrifiers, Trickling Filter and Pushed Activated Sludge (TF/PAS) process, seeding from external dispersed growth reactors treating reject waters, seeding from external activated sludge reactors treating reject waters, seeding from parallel processes, and seeding from downstream processes. Some facilities having both air-activated sludge systems and high-purity oxygen systems have proven that nitrification in the high-purity oxygen can be significantly enhanced by seeding with nitrification solids from the parallel aerated BNR system. This procedure is not patented. External bioaugmentation is performed in Hagerstown, Maryland, Henrico County, Virginia, and Hopewell, Virginia. Note, nitrification in high-purity oxygen plants is typically limited by pH inhibition. Seeding from Commercial Sources of Microorganisms: Although early attempts at bioaugmentation with commercial seed sources in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) produced controversial results, bioaugmentation for nitrification has readily measurable success. Adding external nitrifiers’ sources has shown some success at both laboratory and field scale and allows operation at colder temperatures where nitrifiers would normally wash out, but required dosages of the nitrifiers were very high. Therefore, most investigators diverted to onsite production of seed organisms in the treatment plant. One exception is the seeding microorganisms directly to the sewer system known as In-Pipe Technology. Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management 3-7PDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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