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Emerging Technologies Membrane Processes prepared 2012 March 2013 Technology Summary Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBfR) Objective: Use of hollow membrane fibers to deliver gas (oxygen or hydrogen) to a surface biofilm for efficient removal of pollutant compounds (either reduced or oxidized). Description: State of Development: Emerging. The MBfR process reactor uses a bundle of hollow-fiber, composite membranes sealed on one end and submerged in the water to be treated. A gas is introduced inside the fibers and diffuses through to a biofilm that develops on the outside surface of the membrane. Because the gas permeates the membrane in the opposite direction than the water-based compounds, counter-gradients are established for the concentration of each, thus improving the efficiency of the gas use. MBfR membranes are hydrophobic so that the pores remain dry and use gas diffusion to prevent formation of gas bubbles. The gas pressure to the hollow fibers is an important and easily adjusted control mechanism. Only gas, not water, permeates the membranes. This significantly decreases the potential for membrane plugging. However, prevention of excessive biofilm growth on the outer membrane surface remains a concern. MBfRs have been studied at the bench scale and tested at the pilot scale for a variety of drinking water and wastewater applications (Martin et al. 2011). Oxygen- or air-based reactors have successfully conducted concurrent nitrification and denitrification, high strength chemical demand oxidation, and decomposition of pharmaceuticals (Brindle et al. 1999; Downing and Nerenberg 2008; Kim et al. 2010; Semmens et al. 2003; Syron and Casey 2008). Alternatively, Hydrogen-based reactors safely treat oxidized contaminants including nitrate, perchlorate, bromate, selenate, and chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (Chung et al. 2008; Nerenberg and Rittmann 2004; Terada et al. 2006). When hydrogen gas is supplied—a technology also known as HFMBfR (Hydrogen-based hollow-Fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor)—an autotrophic biofilm develops and uses hydrogen as its electron donor to reduce one or several oxidized contaminants acting as electron acceptor. This approach can be used for treating wastewater, groundwater, or drinking water. The process is effective in treating water with oxidized contaminants such as nitrate, perchlorate, chlorinated solvents, selenate, bromate, chromate, and radionuclides. When oxygen is supplied—a technology also known as MABR (Membrane Aerated Bioreactor)—a nitrifying biofilm can develop for ammonia removal. Systems with a blend of oxygen-supplied fiber bundles for nitrification and hydrogen-supplied fiber bundles for denitrification have been successfully operated in trials. Another approach to nitrogen removal uses an oxygen-supplied MBfR for nitrification with a suspended phase biomass for heterotrophic denitrification using the carbon in the wastewater or with an oxygen limitation so that the outer perimeter of the biofilm is anoxic and provides denitrification. The technology involves bundles of membrane tubes at 50-330 μm diameter and up to nearly 1 meter long. For total nitrogen removal with air, TKN loading is up to 103 mg/m2/day. With hydrogen supplied as the electron donor, nitrate-N can be removed at up to 1,300 mg/m2/day. Details of MBfR design and operation are fully described in Martin and Nerenburg (2012). Comparison to Established Technologies: Although they sound somewhat similar, MBfRs differ from membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in that the membrane is used for gas delivery and biofilm support and does not act as a filter mechanism. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Too few installations to provide generalized cost estimate. Approximate O&M Costs: Too few installations to provide generalized cost estimate. Vendor Name(s): Installation(s): APTWater No full installations are in the United States 3333 Vincent Road, Suite 222 Cucamonga Valley Water District, Rancho 3-32 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather ManagementPDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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