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Emerging Technologies Solids Settleability prepared 2012 March 2013 Technology Summary Aerobic Granular Sludge Process (AGSP) Objective: State of Development: Aerobic biological treatment process that generates Emerging. dense sludge pellets, thereby providing highly efficient sold-liquid separation. Description: It has been demonstrated that granular sludge has improved settling characteristics, facilitating highly efficient solid-liquid separation. Compact structured and biologically efficient aerobic sludge granules with wide diverse microbial species have been developed and shown to exhibit excellent settleability, high biomass retention, and tolerance to toxicity (Adav et. al., 2008). With high biomass retention and biological activity, a granular sludge reactor can be operated at higher biomass concentrations, allowing higher loading rates while maintaining the longer solids retention time necessary for stable nitrification and providing anoxic and anaerobic micro-environments in the sludge granules if desired for nutrient removal. To achieve granulation under aerobic process conditions, short settling times are used to introduce a strong selective advantage for well-settling sludge granules. Poor-settling biomass is washed out under these conditions. Granular sludge process research and application has primarily used a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) configuration. Similar to conventional applications of the SBR concept, one treatment cycle in the AGSP reactor has four well- defined phases. These are filling, mixing/aerating, settling, and decanting. Batch feeding of the reactor induces a high-substrate concentration at the beginning of a treatment cycle. Because of a high concentration gradient, substrate can diffuse deeply into the granules preventing starvation of bacteria in the granules. With insufficient feeding (diffusion gradient), the bacteria at the center of the granules will be starved and weakened, which eventually leads to the granules’ disintegration. In general, the size of the granules increases until the formation of stable granules is limited by substrate diffusion. Less stable granules are susceptible to shear forces and shrink or disintegrate. Weakened biomass in the granule center also decreases the granule density and inhibits settling processes, causing washout. Thus, a dynamic equilibrium eventually is reached between substrate concentration and the average diameter of granules. It has been observed that high-shear forces under turbulent flow conditions give selective advantage to the formation of stable granules. Research has shown that nitrogen removal rates of more than 80 percent seem feasible (Tsuneda et al., 2006). While nitrification takes place in the outer, aerobic layer of the granules, denitrification occurs in the anoxic core of the granules with the necessary carbon source being supplied by substrate diffused into the granules. The first pilot research project using aerobic granular technology was performed in the Netherlands using the Granular Sequencing Batch Reactor in a system called NeredaTM (de Bruin et al., 2005). The project designed for simultaneous BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal was successful and exhibited an SVI of 55 mL/g VSS, well below typical values of 100-200 mL/g VSS. The first full scale NeredaTM installation began operating in Epe Netherlands in May 2012 and will be the first opportunity to gain experience with the effect of hydrodynamic conditions at full scale on granule formation and stability. Example Process – NeredaTM Comparison to Established Technologies: Because they operate at higher biomass concentrations, settle at a high rate, and do not require separate clarifiers, Nereda process applications require only about one-quarter of the space required by conventional activated sludge installations. Granular sludge was initially developed under anaerobic operating conditions because granules do not develop readily under aerobic conditions. To form aerobic granules, the AGSP is most often configured and operated as an SBR. This allows the high initial loading to develop adequate driving force for diffusion of substrate into the granules and the control of settling and decanting times that is necessary to select for the microorganisms that will develop granules under aerobic conditions. Further development of the aerobic granular-sludge technology can result in the application of enrichment reactors to generate the desired granular biomass. 3-38 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather ManagementPDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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