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Emerging Technologies Disinfection updated 2012 March 2013 Technology Summary Alternative Disinfectants (PAA and BCDMH) Objective: Alternative to chlorine disinfection using disinfection products such as peracetic acid (PAA), or Bromo Chloro Dimethylhydantoin (1-Bromo-3-Chloro-5,5 Dimethylhydantoin [BCDMH]). Description: State of Development: Emerging. Alternative disinfectants are being applied to wet-weather flows because of their ability to act as high-rate disinfectant. PAA is a stronger oxidant than hypochlorite or chlorine dioxide but not as strong as ozone. In parts of Europe and Canada chlorine is not used because of the potential to form disinfection by-products. PAA (aka peroxyacetic acid) [CH3CO3H] is an oxidizing agent used as a routine wastewater disinfectant. Recently approved by EPA specifically as a wastewater disinfectant (Proxitane WW-12), PAA is a clear, colorless liquid available at a concentration of 12 to 15 percent. With stabilizers to prevent degradation in storage it exhibits less than 1°percent decrease in activity per year. At the 12 percent concentration, its freezing point is approximately –40°C. Although it is explosive at high concentrations, at 15 percent or less, PAA does not explode. The solution is acidic (pH 2) and requires care in handling, transport, and storage. PAA has been used successfully in combination with UV disinfection, allowing reductions in lamp intensity and less frequent lamp cleaning. It is available in totes or in bulk, should be stored near the point of application, and should be well mixed where it is introduced. The dosage used for disinfecting secondary effluent depends on the target organism, the water quality, and the level of inactivation required. For example, a dosage of 5 mg/L 15 percent PAA, with contact time of 20 minutes, can reduce fecal and total coliform by 4 to 5 logs in secondary effluent (Morris 1993). Dosage of 1–2 mg/L PAA is typical for secondary effluents. Note, however, that PAA is less effective for inactivation of spores, viruses, protozoa, and protozoa including Giardia and Cryptosporidium (Koivunen et al. 2005; Liberti and Notarnicola 1999). BCDMH is a chemical disinfectant used to treat drinking water. It is a crystalline substance, insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone. It reacts slowly with water, releasing hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid. EBARA Engineering Service Corporation has devised a system to liquefy the BCDMH powder in a mixer with an injection device. The solution is injected directly into the wastewater, and it relies on the turbulence of the process to mix into the disinfection process. Comparison to Established Technologies: Compared to disinfection with chlorine compounds, PAA does not form harmful by-products after reacting with wastewater when using dosages typical for secondary effluent. For example, during the trial at St. Augustine (Keough and Tran 2011), an average PAA dose of 1.5 mg/L provided similar fecal coliform reduction as a 7 mg/L chlorine dose (both meeting the 200 cfu/00 mL limit), but the chlorine resulted in 170 μg/L total THM compared to 0.6 μg/L TTHM for PAA. With tertiary treatment, PAA can meet limits of less than 10 cfu/mL but achieving very low (less than 2 cfu/100 mL) fecal coliform limits required high PAA doses (Leong et al. 2008). However, a residual of acetic acid could be present and might exert an oxygen demand or provide substrate for bacterial regrowth. Dosages and contact times are no more than required for disinfection with chlorine, so existing contact tanks should be adequate for conversion to PAA. BCDMH has a small footprint and is easier to store than chlorine disinfection products. The feed stock is BCDMH powder, which is liquefied as needed by feeding through a dissolution mixer with clean water to form a solution that is injected into the wastewater. The BCDMH powder is reportedly highly stable, with a shelf life of longer than one year, making it potentially attractive for use in CSO applications that are characterized by intermittent operation. BCDMH is an effective disinfectant that can achieve bacterial reductions comparable to sodium hypochlorite, but it acts in a shorter amount of contact time (typically 3 minutes instead of 5 minutes for sodium hypochlorite), thereby reducing the size of the contact chamber, which might result in capital cost savings. Similar to sodium hypochlorite, BCDMH also produces DBPs and disinfection residuals, potentially requiring the use of a reducing agent. 4-16 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather ManagementPDF Image | Emerging Tech for Wastewater Treatment
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