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2-6 Photograph of the assembled shock electrodialysis prototype. . . . . . 53 2-7 Typical I-V curves for the shock electrodialysis system obtained at a sweep rate of 25 nA/s (125 μA m−2 s−1) for 10 mM NaCl (jlim ≈ 0.18 A/m2 without convection). The blue curve is for the bare, neg- atively charged silica glass frit used for desalination (below), whereas thered curve is for a frit whose surfaces were coated with positively charged polymers to show the importance of the negative surface charge in sustaining an overlimiting current. [22, 43]. The overlimiting con- ductance [25] measured for the bare silica frit is consistent with electro- osmotic surface convection [22], and above 11 A/m2 (> 50jlim) the un- stable voltage is associated with bubble formation due to water split- ting..................................... 56 2-8 Desalination performance of the SED prototype at different applied flow rates using 10 mM NaCl as a function of applied current density. As expected, the performance (i.e. the amount of ions removed) of the prototype, holding applied current constant, improves as the flow rate decreases, since the residence time of the fluid in the prototype increases. 58 2-9 Desalination performance of the SED prototype at different NaCl con- centrations at an applied flow rate of 76 μL/min plotted against the applied current scaled to the total rate of positive charge advection into the prototype. The three curves approximately overlap, which suggests that keeping the ratio between applied current and the concentration of charges flown into the prototype constant will give similar desalination performance. ............................... 59 12PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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