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Chapter 1 Introduction The earth’s surface is mostly covered by water. However, more than 99 percent of the world’s water supplies are bound as ice or non-potable, which means that water is one of the most valuable resources on the planet. In excess of one billion people in the world currently do not have access to clean and safe water, the lack of which puts their lives at stake [34]. Access to clean and safe water is not only a problem in the developing world, but also in the developed world in areas such as the Southwestern USA and Australia [94, 13]. Over the next few decades these problems are also expected to worsen due to climate change [94]. Increasing the amounts of potable water available could help alleviate these problems; however, purification of non- potable water, be it desalination, disinfection, or decontamination, is difficult and expensive. Methods used to obtain better access to potable water in areas with a shortage of such often are highly dependent on the infrastructure available and how developed an area is. However, regions are generally able to choose from a variety of techniques to better mange their water resources, reclaim waste water, purify toxic water sources, or desalinate sea or brackish water [94]. Regardless of the source of the water, most often the most difficult and expensive step in treating the water is the removal of ions from the solution. In general, the goal is to reduce the ion concentration to a level that makes it safe for human consumption, which differs significantly for the types of ions present. For example, for toxic ions, the source stream often already contains 25PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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