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Figure 1-1: Energy required to remove 99% of the ions from an ideal NaCl solution of a given concentration at various water recovery ratios. 1.3 Overlimiting Current in Microchannels and Porous Media 1.3.1 Mechanisms for Overlimiting Current Overlimiting current is a phenomenon that has been under investigation for several decades, and opinions about the main mechanism for overlimiting current also differ widely. However, the mechanisms that will be discussed here can be classified into two classes, namely those due to some kind of convection or other movement of ionic species through the depleted region next to the membrane and those due to the water splitting reaction. There are three transport mechanisms (not involving any reactions) for overlimiting current, two of which are types of convection, namely gravitational and electroconvec- tion, and the third being surface conduction. Gravitational convection is essentially governed by the Rayleigh number, which is a function of the density variation of the fluid and the distance over which the density varies. In general, fluid density is dependent on salt concentration and temperature. If the denser fluid is on top (or 31PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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