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convection) [115, 85, 66], which dominates in somewhat less confined geometries. In confined weakly-charged geometries, the transient response to an applied overlimiting current [68, 121] is the formation and propagation of a deionization shock wave within the confined geometry. In essence, the deionization shock wave is a very sharp bound- ary between the ion enriched and depleted zones of the system [123, 67, 24, 114, 99], which has been observed at nanochannel junctions that were integrated into a mi- crochannel [110]. This desalination shock wave is the phenomenon that is used in SED to separate depleted and enriched electrolyte streams, which, under flow, only necessitates a physical flow splitter at the end of the system. The basic physics of SED has been demonstrated in both microchannels [55] and porous media (in a non- continuous copper deposition cell) [5, 22] and has shown the ability to reduce the electrolyte concentration by several orders of magnitude while also performing other separations and disinfection [21]. However, all of these prior systems have had sig- nificant problems with practicality for actual large-scale use for water treatment and some were even limited as to the type of electrolyte that could be used in the sys- tem, In fact, all of these systems had miniscule flow rates and none presented a clear strategy for scale-up. In this work, we present an SED system that does not only significantly improve the electrolyte flow rate per unit cell, but has also been designed with a clear strategy for scale-up in mind. The cell uses a very different geometry from previous systems. It uses a porous glass frit that is sandwiched between two cation-selective membranes and then uses a physical splitter at the trailing edge of the porous medium to split the stream into enriched and deionized streams. In addition to being able to desalinate various different electrolytes of various different concentrations, the cell also revealed that electro-osmotic pumping within the porous medium plays a key role in deter- mining the water recovery, a feature that had not been predicted in previous existing theoretical SED models [68, 67, 123, 25, 24, 22]. 45PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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