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2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Material Choices and Cell Fabrication The prototype for shock electrodialysis was specifically designed to be scalable and continuous. As such, we used a novel cross-flow architecture (Figure 2-1) that uses a porous medium that was sandwiched between two identical ion-exchange membranes. In this architecture, the porous medium acts as a ’leaky membrane’ of the same polar- ity as the ion-exchange membranes. When an overlimiting current is then applied to the system, a desalination shock will propagate away from one of the two membranes and be swept downstream during propagation, forming in essence a depleted region that looks like a boundary layer. Which membrane the shock propagates away from depends on the polarities of the membranes and porous medium that was chosen. If a negatively charged porous medium is used together with cation-exchange mem- branes, the shock will propagate away from the cathode-side membrane, whereas the opposite is true if a positively charged porous medium is used with anion-exchange membranes. The deionized solution that is left in the wake of the propagating shock can then be extracted by a simple physical splitter that is installed at the trailing edge of the porous medium. The big advantage of this architecture is that we have essentially separated the direction of flow of fluid and flow of current, which allows this device to be operated continuously. Furthermore, the use of a sandwich of two membranes allows the functional unit to be repeated in a stack of alternating mem- branes and porous media, thereby easily scaling the device (see Figure 2-2). However, this architecture came with several challenges, especially with regards to sealing, that restrict the choices for materials that can be used. Gasketing Material The material that had to be chosen most carefully was the gasketing material that would be used to seal the prototype. The appropriate values for parameters, such as stiffness, conformability, and Poisson’s ratio were determined experimentally (using copper electrodes at first in order to eliminate the electrode streams and simplify 46PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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