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the architecture). The first prototype used a relatively stiff silicone gasket for sealing (Figure 2-3), as we assumed that under sufficient compression, it would be able to seal the prototype. While no leaks to the environment were observed in this prototype, the gasket did not conform to small features very well and we also found that the prototype design was flawed, since it did not allow for sufficient compression of the interface between the frit and the membrane. In the second prototype we used both a relatively soft silicone material and a much stiffer Viton material (Figure 2-4). Both materials proved to be flawed. The soft silicone was simply too soft and the Viton was not able to conform to small features very well, which caused both materials to allow fluid to leak through. Furthermore, this prototype also wasn’t appropriately sealing the sides of the frit, which is another problem that was addressed in sub- sequent prototypes. Overall, the best materials for the gasketing material in this prototype are moderately stiff, have high conformity to small features, and have a small Poisson ratio. The small Poisson ratio is not absolutely necessary; however, it is helpful in design, since the small holes that get cut into the gaskets might get blocked under compression in a material with a high Poisson ratio. A material that meets all these criteria is GORE expanded PTFE. This material was used in all subsequent prototypes. Housing, Porous Medium, Membranes, and Electrodes All other materials were chosen either for ease of procurement or ease of fabrication. The porous medium used in the proof-of-concept prototype was a porous silica glass frit (Adams & Chittenden Scientific Glass, ultrafine, pore size of 0.9-1.4 μm, BET internal area (am) of 1.75 m2/g, mass density (ρm) of 1.02 g/cm3, porosity of 0.31, and dimensions 20 mm×10 mm×2.7 mm), the membranes were Nafion (Ion Power, N115, thickness of ∼127 μm), and the electrodes were made of platinum mesh connected to platinum wires (Alfa Aesar). Platinum was chosen since it is known to be a good catalyst for water splitting; however, the electrode material has not been optimized. The port plates, outlet plate, and the frame for the frit were made from extruded acrylic sheets of various thicknesses (W. W. Grainger). Acrylic was chosen due to the 49PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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