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a wide range of currents. The data obtained from these experiments are shown in Figures 2-8 - 2-10, where Ion Removal (%) is defined as (1-c ̃)*100%, where c ̃ = c/c0. The error bars represent one standard deviation about the mean (for 4-8 realizations). As expected, Figure 2-8 shows that, at constant current, desalination performance of the device improves as the flow rate decreases, since effectively the residence time of the fluid increases and hence the amount of charge that travels through the device is increased. In contrast, the results shown in Figure 2-9 are more surprising. Figure 2-9 shows that the desalination performance of the device is effectively unchanged when the concentration is changed, as long as the current that is applied is also scaled with concentration (i.e. if concentration increases by a factor of 10, then applied current is also increased by a factor of 10). This results does make sense if one considers that scaling current in this manner means that the ratio of applied current to total charge flown into the device in form of salt remains a constant. Lastly, Figure 2-10 shows that, at constant current, the desalination performance mostly depends on respective charge numbers of the ions that make up the salt. Salts that have cations and anions with the same charge numbers (such as NaCl, KCl, and KNO3 show very little difference in desalination, subject only to differences in ionic mobilities, which are relatively minor. However, in this case the salt Na2SO4 exhibits significantly worse desalination, which is largely due to the fact that the SO2− ion has a charge number of 2, which then requires the flow of twice the current 4 to remove it, and the fact that the same concentration of Na2SO4 and, for example, of NaCl actually means that the Na2SO4 solution has twice as many Na+ ions as NaCl, which, as we learned from Figure 2-9, would require twice the current to get the same desalination performance. Interestingly, when examining Figure 2-10, it appears that the desalination performance of Na2SO4 seems to be roughly comparable to the desalination performance of the monovalent binary electrolytes at half the current, suggesting that scaling the current by the factor z+c+ = z−c− might cause the curves to collapse onto each other. In fact, as shown in Figure 2-11, we can achieve a remarkable collapse of all our data onto one dimensionless curve by scaling our applied current by the rate of positive charge advection into our device, I ̃ = 57PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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