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data has the implication that, for any given design and set of materials, the desali- nation performance of the prototype is governed by the combination of current, flow rate, salt concentration, and ion type, ignoring small differences in ion mobilities, that the prototype is subjected to. This data collapse and its implication is actually pre- dicted by simple models of SED. More interestingly however, this collapse also means that the master curve is mainly controlled by the properties of the membranes and the porous medium (i.e, its microstructure, macroscopic dimensions, surface charge, and surface properties). In fact, the simple SED models predict that the governing quantity is the dimensionless quantity is ρ ̃s = qsamρm/2εpz+ec+, which is the ratio of the surface charge (qs) to the total ionic charge per macroscopic volume that is being fed to the device [24]. A decrease in this quantity is predicted to decrease the desalination performance (i.e., shift the master curve in Fig 4 downward), which can actually be observed in Figure 2-13, in which we are comparing data obtained with the porous medium used in Figure 2-11 with data that was obtained using a porous medium that has larger pores and about five-fold smaller ρ ̃s. A detailed discussion of the effect of the porous medium properties can be found in Chapter 4. In addition to the interesting findings for the ion removal data, we found some counterintuitive behavior of the water recovery (the ratio of flow of desalinated water to total flow into the frit) of the device. While splitter placement is naturally impor- tant, it was surprising to find that this was not the only factor that determined the water recovery. The splitter was generally placed about midway on the trailing edge of the porous medium, which means that we would expect a water recover of about 50%, with small variations caused by the random pore structure and the fact that the material of the splitter was nonrigid (i.e., splitter placement might vary slightly). However, experiments showed that the water recovery actually increased from about 45% to up to 79% as higher currents or lower flow rates were applied to the system (see Fig 2-14). This observation was entirely unexpected and is not predicted by prior theoretical SED models [68, 67, 123, 25, 24, 22]. One likely explanation for this phenomenon is that the contribution of electro-osmotic pumping to the total flow becomes more significant, especially in light of the fact that the porous silica glass 63PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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