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2.5 Conclusions This work for the first time develops a continuous desalination system that exploits the phenomenon of salt concentration shocks in order to perform deionization in a single channel and hence also reduce the number of membranes that are necessary in similar electrodialysis systems and that is capable of removing ≥99% of ions from the input electrolyte solution while yielding water recoveries as high as 79% (due to electro-osmotic pumping). In addition, this system can be scaled by simply repeating the unit cell (i.e. alternating porous media and membranes) as seen in Figure 2-2, which is analogous to scaling up electrodialysis systems. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that these salt concentration shock waves not only are not destroyed by the cross flow but are actually stable and can propagate throughout the porous medium, which has only been predicted theoretically for thin shocks without cross- flow [67]. Lastly, this work also identified several scaling laws that should help to improve the energy efficiency of the prototype. While this prototype suffers from similar limitations as electrodialysis (i.e. it is very expensive to desalinate seawater as compared to reverse osmosis), the fact that this system can actually deionize solutions in addition to desalination opens up several potential applications, such as wastewater treatment and ultrapure water production. Specifically, the production of ultrapure water for the semiconductor, pharmaceutical, and biotech industry is very costly and hence could be a great first target application for this system. Other further potential applications, such as water disinfection, will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 of this thesis [21]. 74PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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