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Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations

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Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations ( shock-electrodialysis-water-purification-and-electrostatic-c )

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of electro-osmotic flow, allowing for non-symmetric electrolytes, and correcting for Onsager symmetry) allow it to more accurately predict the desalination and water recovery performance of the shock electrodialysis cell. It does fall short in predicting the IV curve for the cell, since the simulation will reach a concentration of zero in desalted region, whereas the experimental cell very likely will not. This discrepancy is likely due to eddy electro-osmotic flow in the experimental cell, which is likely not taken in account properly in the current model and may also be due to not taking in account H+ fluxes. That being said, the current model does present a reasonable start point for optimization efforts for shock electrodialysis. 4.2 Perspectives of Shock Electrodialysis For shock electrodialysis to have an impact on the water desalination and water pu- rification landscape, several challenges, such as which porous media to use, how to effectively incorporate disinfection, how to reduce the energy requirements, and how to scale up the system, still have to be addressed and solved. We will use the experi- mental evidence gathered in this work together with the theoretical understanding of the device to briefly address each of these challenges. 4.2.1 Enhancement of Efficiency and Functionality using other Porous Media The porous medium used in this work (a random porous silica glass frit) was not optimal from several aspects of the process. First, the glass frit offered a volumetric (by pore volume) surface charge density of between 5.99 ×104 C/m3 and 2.21 ×105 C/m3, which represents between 2.3% and 62% of the bulk electrolyte charge density (depending on electrolyte concentration and type). Dydek et al [24] suggest that the optimum balance between being able to propagate a shock and energy efficiency would be to have a volumetric surface charge density between 1% and 10% of the bulk electrolyte charge density, which means that for some conditions, the currently 102

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