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reducing their thickness, reducing the thickness of the membranes, and using metal sheet (or equivalent) electrodes (though that would require a cell redesign). Further- more, another aspect that requires some attention is the low current efficiencies we currently see with our system. To a large extent these low numbers can probably be explained by the fact Nafion is a very good proton conductor and as such we may favor conduction of a large number of protons instead of conduction sodium ions. This problem could be resolved or at least investigated by using a more traditional electrodialysis membrane, which purposefully is designed to be less proton conducting and hence designed to boost current efficiency. In order to get an idea of how much we may be able to improve the energy efficiency, we used the boundary layer model from Chapter 3 to calculate optimum energy requirements for a variety of concentration. By optimum energy requirement we mean that we calculated the optimum location of the splitter such that the shock has just spread to that location for any given concentration. As we can see in Figure 4-2, based on this very simple theory, we can expect that we should be able to make up a factor of about 10 in energy consumption of the current device, in which case shock electrodialysis would be competitive with reverse osmosis [27] especially at low concentrations for applications such as wastewater cleanup, trace toxic ion removal, or ultrapure water production. 4.2.4 Scale-up and Competitiveness Finally, probably the most important challenge for this system is how to scale it up. In theory (see Figure 4-3), scale-up should be fairly straight forward and in many ways we can orient ourselves on how electrodialysis systems are scaled up, since the SED system would also simply consist of stacks of (porous) channels and membranes. However, upon closer inspection, there is a unique challenge in SED, namely the fluid splitting and handling at the outlet. While electrodialysis systems can simply use their membranes to accomplish this splitting and guide fluid flow to the right outlets, we are not afforded this luxury in the SED system. While the membranes on either side of the porous medium can be used to separate the fluid in each cell from other 107PDF Image | Shock Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Electrostatic Correlations
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