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125 Figure 2. Fluid dynamics over the SDR surface in the production of hydroxyapatite (HPA)at a film height of the liquid layer of 35 m: (A) HPA concentration; (B) reaction rate 5. Conclusions Twenty years of research has shown the great utility of SDR technology in producing organic and inorganic nanoparticles. The main success reasons are excellent mixing between liquid streams, which enables local micromixing, effective heat and mass transfer, ideal for gas-liquid reactions, the potential for sequential reagents for tailored products, and continuous operation mode. After the traditional use for the precipitation- reaction process, more recent applications have concerned solvent-antisolvent precipitation. The energy required by this technology to allow micromixing conditions is higher than that one needed by the STR equipment. Still, any comparison between the two technologies in terms of the reduced size of the produced particles is in favour of SDR. Finally, modelling of the mixing process has been successfully studied in two dimensions. New advances are expected in the future for a complete simulation of the precipitation process, including the birth, growth, and agglomeration of the solid particles. References Ahoba-Sam C., Boodhoo V.K., Olsbye U., Jens K.J., 2018, Tailoring Cu Nanoparticle Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis Using the Spinning Disc Reactor, Materials, 11, 154 Anantachoke N., Makha M., Raston C.L. Reutrakul V., Smith N.C., Saunders M., 2006, Fine Tuning the Production of Nanosized β-Carotene Particles Using Spinning Disc Processing, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 13847-53 Bathelia T.J., Utikar R.P., Pareek V.K., Tafe M.O., 2009, Characterizing liquid film thickness in spinning disc reactors, Seventh International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia Bodhoo K.V.K., 2013, Spinning Disc Reactor for Green Processing and Synthesis, in Process Intensification for Green Chemistry: Engineering Solutions for Sustainable Chemical Processing. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 59-90 Cafiero L., Chianese A., Jachuck R., Precipitation of barium sulphate using a spinning disc crystallizer, 14th European Symp. on Ind. Crystallization, Cambridge 12-16 sept. 1999 Cafiero, L.M., Baffi G., Chianese A., Jachuck R.J.J., 2002, Process Intensification: Precipitation of Barium Sulfate Using a Spinning Disc Reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, 5240-5246 Chang M.H., Liu H.S., Tai C.Y., 2011, Preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles and its application in nanofluid, Powder Technology, 207, 378–386 Chin S.F., Makha M., Rastan C.L., 2006, Encapsulation of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Biopolymer for Biomedical Application, International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 374-6 Chin S.F., Iyer K.S., Ralston C.L., 2008, Size Selective Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles in Thin Fluids under Continuous Flow Conditions, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18, 922–927 Dabir H, Dvarpanah M., Ahmadpour A, 2015, Effects of different operating parameters on the particle size of silver chloride nanoparticles prepared in a spinning disc reactor, Aplied Physics A, 120, 105-113 de Caprariis B., Di Rita M., Stoller M., Verdone N., Chianese A.,2012, Precipitation-reaction by a spinning disc reactor: Influence of hydrodynamics on nanoparticles production, Chemical Engineering Science, 76, 73– 80PDF Image | Spinning Disc Reactor to produce Nanoparticles
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