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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition WASTE DISPOSAL COST Because waste disposal is a common consideration for all water treatment technologies, the costs of waste disposal are discussed here prior to the review of water treatment technologies. Waste disposal costs strongly depend on the location of and distance of the disposal facility from the production site, disposal method, the type of waste (quality and quantity), and the extent of competition in the local or regional area [1]. In 1997, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) compiled data on costs charged by offsite commercial disposal companies to accept produced water, rain water, and other “water type wastes” [2]. In 2005, ANL began collecting current information to update and expand the database [1]. This section provides information about the new 2005–2006 database and focuses on the availability of offsite commercial disposal companies, the prevailing disposal methods, and estimated disposal costs. The categories of waste in the database include: • Contaminated soils • Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), • Oil-based muds and cuttings, • Produced water, • Tank bottoms, and • Water-based muds and cuttings. The different waste management or disposal methods in the database include: • Bioremediation, • Burial, • Salt cavern, • Discharge, • Evaporation, • Injection, • Land application, • Recycling, • Thermal treatment, and • Treatment. Produced water disposal costs reported in the ANL report [1] are briefly presented below. The reported costs are assumed to be lower than or comparable to the costs available for onsite management by the operators themselves. It should be noted that the types of waste are important to disposal costs. For example, a facility in Wyoming charges $8/bbl, for particularly dirty wastes that need pretreatment before injection, while the same facility charges as low as $0.75/bbl for cleaner wastes [3]. This implies that the disposal costs of more concentrated or solidified wastes after produced water treatment might be more costly than disposal of more diluted produced water. However, the volume of the wastes will be minimized and might result in reduced overall disposal costs. Overall disposal costs range between $0.30/bbl and $105.00/bbl depending on the disposal method. The higher costs are charged by a thermal treatment facility in Texas, an evaporation facility in Colorado, and a landfill facility in Louisiana. The lowest costs are charged by one cavern operator in Texas as well as several injection facilities in Oklahoma. By far, the 5PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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