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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition most common commercial disposal method for produced water is injection, followed by evaporation and burial. Injection of produced water on a commercial basis occurs throughout the U.S. Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma hold the most significant shares in commercial disposal well operations. The disposal costs range between $0.30/bbl and $10/bbl. In most cases, costs do not reach $1/bbl. Newpark Environmental Services in Louisiana and Texas disposes of produced water through solids injection. Costs range between $5/bbl and $10.50/bbl. Today, evaporation of produced water is most widely practiced in Wyoming (seven companies), followed by Colorado (four companies), Utah (four companies), and New Mexico (three companies). Except in one case, the disposal costs range between $0.40/bbl and $3.95/bbl. One company in Colorado charges $84/bbl. Burial in landfills is available for produced water across the nation. However, solidification, which is generally required, drives up the costs. Volume-based costs range between $3/bbl and $22/bbl in Texas and North Dakota, and $18 cubic yard ($3.75/bbl) in New Mexico. Weight-based costs vary significantly by state, but generally range between $15/ton and $80/ton. Mississippi and Louisiana report higher ranges of up to $128/ton and $250/ton, respectively. Burial of produced water in commercial pits is not widely reported. Three companies, in Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming, report costs ranging between $0.35/bbl and $4/bbl. Cavern disposal is a competitive option for produced water in Texas. Five companies at multiple facilities offer their services for a cost between $0.30/bbl and $10/bbl. Discharge of produced water under an NPDES permit was reported by three companies in Pennsylvania and one company in Wyoming. The costs range between $0.045/gal and $0.055/gal ($2.25/bbl and $2.75/bbl) in Pennsylvania, and between $2.50/bbl and $3.50/bbl in Wyoming. All four companies apply treatment prior to discharge. Two facilities in Pennsylvania discharge produced water to a POTW for a disposal fee of between $0.015/gal and $0.050/gal ($0.75/bbl to $2.50/bbl). Land application of produced water is offered in Arkansas (one company), New Mexico (two companies) and Utah (one company). Costs are between $0.30/bbl and $0.40/bbl in Arkansas, $5.18/bbl to $18/bbl in New Mexico, and $100/ton ($26.25/bbl) in Utah. Treatment of produced water is offered by CCS Energy Services LLC in Alabama and Eco Mud Disposal in Texas. Costs range between $5/bbl and $14/bbl. Recycling of produced water is not widely reported. One company identified in California charges $5/bbl. Another company in Oklahoma indicates a cost of $25/load. Thermal treatment of produced water is offered by Clean Harbors Environmental Services at its Deer Park facility. Costs range between $0.02/lb and $0.20/lb ($40/ton to $400/ton, or $10.5/bbl to $105/bbl). 6PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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