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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES The following section presents a descriptive write-up corresponding to each technology, based on the list of criteria included in Table 1. A detailed tabular summary, or synopsis, of the assessment matrix is presented to facilitate an overall assessment with respect to the evaluation criteria. Biological Aerated Filters The term biological aerated filter (BAF) refers to a class of technologies, including fixed film and attached growth processes, roughing filters, intermittent filters, packed bed media filters, and conventional trickling filters. A BAF consists of permeable media, such as rocks, gravel, or plastic media. The water to be treated flows downward over the media and over time generates a microbial film on the surface of the media ( Figure 1). The media facilitates biochemical oxidation/removal of organic constituents. This is an aerobic process and aerobic conditions are maintained by pumps and fans in the system. The thickness of the microbial layer continues to increase as the filter is used. Eventually, the microbial layer becomes thick enough that part of the slime layer becomes anaerobic and the microbial layer begins to slough off in the filter effluent [4]. Media should have high surface area per unit volume, be durable, and inexpensive. The type of media is often determined based on what materials are available at the site. Media can be field stone or gravel and each stone should be between one and four inches in diameter, to generate a pore space that does not prohibit flow through the filter and will not clog when sloughing occurs [5]. Figure 1. Schematic drawing of a biological aerated filter. BAF can remove oil, suspended solids, ammonia, and nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), iron, manganese, heavy metals, soluble organics, trace organics, and hydrogen sulfide. Iron and manganese removal in BAFs is mainly due to chemical oxidation rather, not a biological process. Since BAFs do not remove dissolved constituents, however, high concentrations of salts can decrease the effectiveness of this technology due to salt toxicity effects. At chloride levels below 6,600 mg/L, there is no diminished contaminant removal with BAFs and at 20,000 mg/L chloride levels there will be a reduction in slime growth and BOD removal [6]. This technology can be used to treat water with much greater organic contaminant concentrations than typically found in CBM produced water. 7PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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