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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition BAF is a well established technology and has been used for produced water treatment for many years [7, 8]. Because of this technology’s ability to remove oil and grease, it has been primarily used for oil-field produced water treatment [7]. Informal versions of BAFs require minimal equipment, can be made by flowing water over rock beds. These types of BAFs have also been used in CBM produced water treatment for iron removal and suspended solids removal. Removal capability of BAFs is dependent on the hydraulic loading rate on the filter and the raw water quality. The following are approximate removal capabilities of this technology: 60 to 90% nitrification, and 50 to 70% total nitrogen [4], 70 to 80% oil, 30 to 60% COD, 85 to 95% BOD, and 75 to 85% suspended solids [7]. There is nearly 100% water recovery from this process. The residuals generated are from the settling of the microbial layer that sloughs off of the media. The residuals generation, which is highly dependent on the water quality, is approximately 0.4 to 0.7 pounds of dry solids per 1000 gallons of water treated (for wastewater treatment) [9]. Primary sedimentation should be employed upstream from BAFs to allow the full bed of the filter to be used for removal of non-settling, colloidal, and dissolved particles if the water requires a large degree of contaminant removal. Sedimentation should also follow BAFs to remove the microbial layer that sloughs off of the filter. Other equipment that may be used includes pumps and fans for aeration, and distribution nozzles. The estimated energy demand for BAFs is 1 to 4 kWh/day. No chemicals are necessary [5]. A summary of the BAF assessment is provided in Table 2. Table 2. Biological Aerated Filter Assessment Criteria Industrial status Description/Rationale Well established technology and has been used for treatment of produced water [8]. Numerous vendors. Waste from this process is removed as a solid, therefore, water recovery is nearly 100% The power requirement for BAFs is 1 to 4 kWh No chemicals are required for BAFs during normal operation, no cleaning is required Long expected lifespan. Some types of BAFs consist only of rock beds hand holding ponds and do not require any equipment. BAFs require upstream and downstream sedimentation, therefore, they have a large footprint and are not very mobile or modular Feed water quality bins Most effective on waters with chloride levels below 6,600 mg/L [6]. Oil < 60 mg/L; COD < 400 mg/L; BOD < 50 mg/L. * Maximum feed water concentrations depend on % removal and target water quality Product water quality 50 to 70% total nitrogen [9] 70 to 80% oil [7] 30 to 60% COD [7] 85 to 95% BOD [7] 75 to 85% suspended solids [7] Production efficiency (recovery) Energy use Chemicals use Expected lifetime of critical components Infrastructure considerations 8PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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