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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Flotation Flotation is a process in which fine gas bubbles are used to separate small, suspended particles that are difficult to separate by settling or sedimentation (Figure 3). Gas is injected into the water to be treated and particulates and oil droplets suspended in the water are attached to the air bubbles and they both rise to the surface. As a result, foam develops on the surface, which is commonly removed by skimming. The dissolved gas can be air, nitrogen, or another type of inert gas. Dissolved air/gas flotation can also be used to remove volatile organics and oil and grease. Dissolved air flotation units have been widely used for treatment of produced water [16-18]. Gas flotation technology is subdivided into dissolved gas flotation (DGF) and induced gas flotation (IGF). The two technologies differ by the method used to generate gas bubbles and the resultant bubble sizes. In DGF units, gas (usually air) is fed into the flotation chamber, which is filled with a fully saturated solution. Inside the chamber, the gas is released by applying a vacuum or by creating a rapid pressure drop. IGF technology uses mechanical shear or propellers to create bubbles that are introduced into the bottom of the flotation chamber [14]. Coagulation can be used as a pretreatment to flotation. The efficiency of the flotation process depends on the density differences of liquid and contaminants to be removed. It also depends on the oil droplet size and temperature. Minimizing gas bubble size and achieving an even gas bubble distribution are critical to removal efficiency [16]. Flotation works well in cold temperatures and can be used for waters with both high and low TOC concentrations. It is excellent for removing natural organic matter (NOM). Dissolved air flotation (DAF) can remove particles as small as 25m. If coagulation is added as pretreatment, DAF can remove contaminants 3 to 5 m in size [11]. In one reported study, flotation achieved an oil removal of 93% [19]. Flotation cannot removal soluble oil constituents from water. Treatment costs are estimated to be $0.60/m3 [18]. Figure 3. Flotation unit (Source: [20]). Because flotation involves dissolving a gas into the water stream, flotation works best at low temperatures. If high temperatures are present, a higher pressure is required to dissolve the gas in the water. A summary of the flotation assessment is provided in Table 4. 12PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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