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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Adsorption Adsorption can be accomplished using a variety of materials, including zeolites, organoclays, activated alumina, and activated carbon. Chemicals are not required for normal operation of adsorptive processes. Chemicals may be used to regenerate media when all active sites are occupied. Periodically the media is backwashed to remove large particulates trapped between the voids in the media. Typically, these processes can be gravity fed and do not require an energy supply, except during backwash. Adsorbents are capable of removing iron, manganese, total organic carbon, BTEX compounds, heavy metals, and oil from produced water. Adsorption is generally utilized as a unit process in a treatment train rather than as a stand-alone process. The adsorbent can be easily overloaded with large concentrations of organics, so this process is best used as a polishing step rather than as a primary treatment process [14]. Media usage rate is one of the main operational costs for adsorptive processes. When all active site of the adsorptive material have been consumed, the material must either be regenerated or disposed of. Regenerating the materials will result in a liquid waste for disposal. Solid waste disposal is necessary when the material needs to be replaced entirely. A summary of the adsorption assessment is provided in Table 5. Table 5. Adsorption Assessment Criteria Industrial status Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Energy use Chemicals use Expected lifetime of critical components Infrastructure considerations O&M considerations Capital and O&M costs Pre and post treatment Concentrate management or waste disposal Note: 1 barrel = 42 US gallons Description/Rationale Adsorption is commonly used for treatment of produced water > 80% removal of heavy metals [22] Nearly 100% product water recovery. Minimal. Chemicals may be required for media regeneration. Media may require frequent replacement or regeneration depending on media type and feed water quality. Adsorption processes require a vessel to contain the media and pumps and plumbing to implement backwashes. There will be a pressure loss incurred across the filter, however, depending on the plant configuration; this may not require any additional pumps. Pumps will be necessary to backwash the filters. None available. Adsorption is best used as a polishing step to avoid rapid usage of adsorbent material. Waste disposal is required for spent media or the waste produced during regeneration of the media. Back to the list of technologies Feed water quality bins Applicable to all TDS bins, independent of salt type and concentration. Can remove iron, manganese, TOC, BTEX, and oil. Zeolites can also be used to exchange calcium for sodium to reduce SAR 14PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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