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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Ultraviolet Disinfection UV radiation disinfection is a popular form of primary disinfection because of its ease of use, no need of chemicals, and no formation of disinfection byproduct (DBP). Water is pumped through a UV reactor, which is equipped with an array of UV lamps providing disinfection dosages of 30-50 mJ/cm2. As pathogens path through the reactor they are inactivated. They are exposed to the UV light for a predetermined period of time, depending on the desired level of disinfection. UV reactors are typically closed channel for potable water treatment and are installed in open channel for wastewater treatment. There are several types of UV lamps, with low pressure-high output (LPHO) and medium-pressure (MP) mercury vapor lamps being the most commonly used [24]. The lamps are housed inside of quartz lamp sleeves in the reactor to protect the lamp from breaking. The mechanism of UV disinfection is inactivation through UV damage of the microorganism’s DNA and/or RNA. Removal of suspended solids from the feedwater to UV is important to avoid shielding of microorganisms from the UV by suspended solids. This phenomenon is called “shadow effect”. UV disinfection does not provide a disinfectant residual. Therefore, addition of chlorine or chloramine as a secondary disinfectant might be required [24]. Disinfection is typically the last treatment step in most water treatment facilities, most suspended solids and/or dissolved ions, if any, should have been removed prior to disinfection. No waste is generated in UV disinfection. UV equipment including lamps must be properly checked to ensure they are working according to technical specifications. The lamps age with time and require periodic replacement. A cleaning system must also be installed on the lamp sleeves, because the sleeve itself reacts with compounds in water and would decrease the UV transmittance if they are not cleaned [24]. A summary of the UV radiation assessment is provided in Table 9. Table 9. Ultraviolet Disinfection. Criteria Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Infrastructure considerations Energy consumption Chemicals Life cycle O&M considerations Overall costs Description/Rationale Not widely used for produced water treatment. May be best applied as a polishing step for produced water after other treatment processes. Applicable to all TDS bins. May not be suitable for highly turbid water. Inactivation of microbial contaminants. 90 to 99% inactivation efficiency depending on UV intensity. 100% water recovery. UV requires a treatment chamber or area in which the water will be “dosed” with UV exposure. 3-25 kWh; 0.5-3 kW/mgd for LPHO None. Lamp life is approximately 5,000 to 8,000 hours. Minimal operator involvement, approximately 5 hours per month. Periodic cleaning and lamp replacement is required. High capital cost. EPA estimated costs are $0.13/gpd. 18PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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