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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration Microfiltration (MF) has the largest pore size (0.1-3 m) of the wide variety of membrane filtration systems. Ultrafiltration (UF) pore sizes range from 0.01 to 0.1 m. In terms of pore size, MF fills in the gap between ultrafiltration and granular media filtration. In terms of characteristic particle size, MF range covers the lower portion of the conventional clays and the upper half of the range for humic acids. This is smaller than the size range for bacteria, algae, and cysts, and larger than that of viruses. MF is also typically used for turbidity reduction, removal of suspended solids, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. UF membranes are used to remove viruses, color, odor, and some colloidal natural organic matter [25]. Both processes require low trans-membrane pressure (1-30 psi) to operate, and both are now used as a pretreatment to desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and electrodialysis, but cannot remove salt themselves [24]. MF membranes can operate in either cross-flow separation as shown in Figure 4 and also dead-end filtration where there is no concentrate flow. There are also two pump configurations, either pressure driven or vacuum-type systems. Pressure driven membranes are housed in a pressure vessel and the flow is fed from a pump. Vacuum-type systems are membranes submerged in non-pressurized tanks and product water is extracted by a vacuum pump on the product side. Typical recoveries can range from 85% to 95% [23]. Flux rates range from 20 to 100 gpd/ft2 (gfd) depending on the application. Backwash is usually used to clean the membranes and it is carried out for short durations (3 to 180 seconds) in relatively frequent intervals (5 min to several-hour) [23]. The frequency and duration of backwash depend on the specific application. A clean in place (CIP) can also be performed as a periodic major cleaning technique. Typical cleaning agents are sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, caustic soda, and detergents. They can be initiated manually, and automatically controlled. CIP is initiated when backwashing and chemically enhanced backwash are not effective in restoring desirable performance [24]. Figure 4. Dead-end filtration versus cross-flow filtration (Source: [26]). 20PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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