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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Ceramic MF/UF membrane Ceramic ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes are made from oxides, nitrides, or carbides of metals such as aluminum, titanium, or zirconium [27]. Ceramic membranes are much more resilient than polymeric membranes and are mechanically strong, chemically and thermally stable, and can achieve high flux rates. Typically, a tubular configuration is used with an inside- out flow path, where the feed water flows inside the membrane channels and permeates through the support structure to the outside of the module. These membranes are typically comprised of at least two layers, a porous support layer and a separating layer, see Figure 5 [28]. (a) (b) (c) Figure 5. SEM micrographs of ceramic membrane (a) SEM of membrane support and membrane separating layer (100x), (b) SEM of membrane support (1000x), and (c) SEM of membrane separating layer (5000x). Ceramic membranes are capable of removing particulates, organic matter, oil and grease, and metal oxides. Ceramic membranes alone cannot remove dissolved ions and dissolved organics. Pre-coagulation, injection of a chemical coagulant upstream from the membrane, improves removal efficiencies of dissolved organic carbon and smaller particulates. As with conventional ultrafiltration and microfiltration, a strainer or cartridge filter is necessary as pretreatment for ceramic membranes. Numerous research studies have been conducted on using ceramic membranes to treat oil-containing wastewater and produced water [29-33]. These research studies have shown that ceramic membranes perform better than polymeric membranes on oil-containing waters. Ceramic membranes have also been employed commercially to treat oil produced water [34]. Ceramic membranes are employed as part of a large treatment train consisting of multiple unit process at the Wellington Water Works to treat oilfield produced water. Energy requirements for ceramic membranes are lower than those required for polymeric membranes. Infrastructure requirements for ceramic membranes are similar to other membrane processes and include a break tank for the feed water, a feed pump, a rack for holding the membrane modules, a chemical metering system if necessary, a tank for the filtrate water and a pump and valves for the backwash and cleaning systems. Ceramic membranes have a higher capital cost than polymeric membranes. The use of ceramic membranes is increasing as more research and pilot studies are conducted. The capital cost of ceramic membranes will continue to decrease as they become a more widely used technology. Ceramic membranes do require frequent backwashes; backwash waste will require disposal. If ceramic membranes are operated in a cross-flow mode, then there will be a residual process stream to dispose of. An assessment of ceramic MF/UF membranes is provided in Table 10. 22PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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