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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF DESALINAITON TECHNOLOGIES Pressure Driven Membrane Technologies Pressure driven membrane processes utilize hydraulic pressure to overcome the osmotic pressure of the feed solution and force pure water (called permeate) to diffuse through a dense, non-porous membrane [35]. The residual feed stream (sometimes called retentate, concentrate, or reject) is concentrated during the process and typically requires disposal. An illustration of the process is shown in Figure 6. Additional treatment technologies may be employed to further concentrate the concentrate stream towards zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Solutions of higher total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations have greater osmotic pressures, and therefore require more hydraulic pressure to produce permeate. Practical limits are imposed on the process by pump energy and component manufacturing costs associated with operating at hydraulic pressures exceeding 1,000 psig. For this reason, pressure driven membrane processes are typically utilized for treatment of saline streams with TDS concentrations ranging from 500 to 40,000 mg/L; however, this technology has been utilized to treat water with 50,000 mg/L TDS [36]. FEED PERMEATE CONCENTRATE Figure 6. Schematic of a typical pressure driven membrane process. The concentrate stream may be further undergo additional desalination processes to produce more permeate and further concentrate this stream. High-pressure membranes are typically employed in spiral-wound configurations ( Figure 7) with membrane materials composed of an asymmetric polyamide or polypiperazine amid active layer and a polysulfone micro-porous support in a thin film composite (TFC) structure ( Figure 7). Mesh spacers are installed in both the feed channel and permeate collection channels of the membrane module. Feed spacers are required to enhance hydrodynamic turbulences in the channel, which diminishes concentration polarization. Concentration polarization is a phenomenon where the feed solution becomes more concentrated at the feed- membrane interface, which results from the preferential diffusion of pure water through the membrane. A permeate spacer is required to provide mechanical support to the permeate collection channel. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are examples of pressure driven membrane processes. RO and NF are proven, widely utilized treatment technologies for desalination of both seawater and brackish water [37]. Globally, RO seawater desalination technologies dominate global seawater desalination with a 58% share of the market and growing [38]. 26PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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