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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Seawater Reverse Osmosis Seawater RO (SWRO) membrane systems are most applicable for feed streams up to 47,000 mg/L TDS, i.e., seawater level % [37]. SWRO typically employs dense, highly selective TFC membranes that are capable of rejecting contaminants as small as 0.0001 μm. Systems that utilize SWRO may achieve high rejection of monovalent and multivalent ions and molecules, and metals. SWRO membranes are designed to achieve NaCl rejections in excess of 99% [37]. Other inorganic compounds such as silica and boron are rejected to a lesser extent and frequently require additional treatment considerations (such as increasing the pH of the RO feed stream to pH 10 or above). Rejection of organic compounds in SWRO ranges from very high rejections (greater than 99.7%) to very low rejections (<20%) depending on the organic compound’s chemical structure and feed solution physicochemical parameters [39]. Because of the high molecular weight of radionuclides, the removal of these compounds is higher than 99%. Water recovery during SWRO is frequently restricted to 30-60% because of limitations resulting from the relatively high osmotic pressure of the feed stream [40, 41]. Membrane fouling and scaling is a primary concern when operating RO systems. SWRO frequently requires pretreatment to remove organic foulants, and may require the addition of scale inhibitors to condition feed water prior to contact with the membranes. Constituents of primary concern for all pressure driven membrane processes include organic acids, metal oxides, and sparingly soluble salts (e.g. CaSO4, CaF2, and BaSO4). When appropriate design considerations are employed, SWRO systems are capable of operating with moderate chemical, energy, and maintenance demands. The utilization of energy recovery devices to recycle hydraulic pressure within the RO system can substantially reduce energy costs. RO processes also easily automated and are relatively simple to operate. SWRO is a moderately robust technology that consistently delivers permeate water devoid of most inorganic constituents. RO membrane systems may be deployed on a trailer-mounted skid, as shown in Figure 8, which is highly mobile and modular. SWRO technology has one of the smallest footprints of all the technologies considered in this report. Depending on the chemical composition of the RO feed water, system failure may occur with changing feed water quality. Low recoveries associated with SWRO generate relatively large volumes of concentrated reject water. Residual management costs may be substantial. RO systems have been previously employed for various types of produced water treatment. Early pilot studies were conducted without consideration for adequate pretreatment; subsequently the RO membranes were irreversibly damaged by foulants [42, 43]. Later, systems with rigorous pretreatment trains were employed with RO as a final desalination stage. One study was conducted at an oil field produced water facility in Bakersfield, CA (2001). The feed water was characterized as an NaCl dominated. The pilot system was constructed with a 100 m pre-filter leading to a polymeric UF membrane and followed by NF and RO. The system was operated for six months and produced 20 gpm of permeate over a period of more than 1,700 hours of operation [44]. Another early study was conducted in the Placerita Canyon Oil Field, CA in 2000; however, little detail is available on the specifics of testing conditions and system configuration [45]. Recently, numerous companies with water treatment expertise have begun developing high-pressure membrane based treatment systems. Many of these systems will be discussed in the hybrid membrane systems and commercial technologies sections of this report. A summary of the technical assessment for SWRO is listed in Table 12. 28PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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