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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Table 12. Summary of technical assessment of SWRO. Criteria Description/Rationale O&M considerations Monitoring and control required for feed pH, flow rates, TDS, turbidity, as well as vessel pressures. System automation lessens demands on skilled labor, however a skilled technician is required to perform routine system maintenance. Level of flexibility: High sensitivity to organic and inorganic constituents in the feed water. Level of robustness: TFC membranes have high pH tolerance, but cannot be exposed to feed temperatures in excess of 113 °F (45 °C) Level of reliability: SWRO systems operate semi-continuously with automated, short duration chemical rinse or osmotic backwashing cycles. Types of energy required: electrical. Capital and O&M costs Capital costs vary from $3 to $7/gpd (or $125 to $295/bpd), depending on various factors including size, materials of construction and site location. Operating costs are highly dependent upon energy price and feed water TDS, and approximately $2/kgal (or $0.08/bbl). Pretreatment of feed water All high-pressure membrane technologies require extensive pretreatment to mitigate harmful water quality constituents that will otherwise foul or scale the membrane. Particular attention should be given to hydrophobic organic compounds and sparingly soluble salts. The silt density index (SDI) of the feed stream should not exceed 3-5. Post-treatment of product water Applicability for produced water treatment Note: 1 barrel = 42 US gallon Product water may require pH stabilization or remineralization. This may be achieved by lime bed contacting or by blending small amounts of filtered and sterilized feedwater with permeate. Concentrate management or waste disposal No special concentrate treatment is required. Due to the relatively low recovery rates of 30% to 60%, moderately large amounts of concentrated brine are generated. SWRO operations are commonly located near oceans, which allows them to dispose of the brine by pumping it back into the ocean through diffusers. Excellent - with appropriate pretreatment technologies (*): Assuming that ion is in a reduced (un-oxidized) state Back to the list of technologies 30PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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