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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis BWRO membranes are designed to achieve moderately high rejection of dissolved constituents (>94% NaCl), and are most efficient when employed for the treatment of feed water containing TDS concentrations between 500 and 25,000 mg/L. BWRO generally may achieve water recoveries up to 85%. BWRO membranes generally reject metals and divalent ions to a high degree, and have similar limitations as SWRO for organics removal. Pretreatment for BWRO is similar to SWRO, and requires careful management to control organic fouling and inorganic scaling. Operational costs for BWRO are reduced compared to SWRO because the hydraulic pressure required to overcome the osmotic pressure of the feed water is lower, and fewer membranes are required to achieve similar production rates. BWRO systems are equally matched with SWRO systems when other parameters are considered, including robustness, reliability, flexibility, mobility, modularity, and footprint. The higher recovery of BWRO over SWRO reduces concentrated brine generation and disposal costs. Available scientific literature suggests that BWRO membranes have been previously tested on CBM produced water at the bench-scale [48, 49]. One study [48] examined the potential of harvesting iodide from produced water, and performed other experiments to determine the fouling potential and effective cleaning protocols for BWRO and NF membranes. Seven different membranes (four BWRO membranes, and three NF membranes) were investigated in the study. Feed water was obtained from a natural gas production facility in Eastern Montana and was characterized as brackish groundwater (5,200 mg/L TDS) dominated by NaCl. A second bench-scale study [49] was conducted with both CBM produced water (sourced from Walsenburg, Colorado) and oil produced water (sourced from Wellington, Colorado). The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of BWRO and NF membranes for treatment of produced water. Three membranes were tested in the investigation, one BWRO, and two NF membranes. The CBM produced water had 650 mg/L TDS and was dominated by sodium (no anion composition was given). A summary of the technical assessment for BWRO is listed in Table 13. Table 13. Summary of technical assessment of BWRO Criteria Status of technology Product water quality Recovery Description/Rationale Mature and robust technology for brackish desalination in the municipal water treatment sector. Laboratory scale studies have been conducted for oil and gas produced water. BWRO permeate quality is dependent on feed water salinity and operating conditions. Typically, product water TDS ranges from 100 to 1,500 mg/L, ammonia rejection may range from 60% to 80%. Product water recovery is between 60% and 85%. Feed water quality bins Most applicable for TDS ranging from 500 to 25,000 mg/L, and water containing monovalent (Na, Cl), divalent (Mg, Ca, Ba, SO4), multivalent electrolytes (Fe, Mn), and radionuclides. Also applicable for specific classes of organic compounds. Energy use BWRO will require less energy than equivalent SWRO systems for a specific feed water quality. BWRO requires approximately 0.5 to 3 kWh/kgal (0.02-0.13 kWh/bbl) of energy to power the system’s high- pressure pumps. 31PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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