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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Nanofiltration NF membranes are commonly utilized in brackish groundwater desalination for municipal water supplies [37]. Some pilot-scale studies have utilized a NF membrane subsystem to pretreat water before treatment with RO membranes [44]. NF membranes are designed to reject contaminants as small as 0.001 μm. This allows NF to achieve high rejection of divalent ions, metals (>99% of MgSO4), and radionuclides. NF is best suited for softening applications and removal of most metals; this indicates that the product stream from conventional NF systems will tend to have higher SAR than the feed stream. Organic compounds are removed to varying extents with NF membranes [50]. The nominal TDS range for NF applications is between 1,000 and 35,000 mg/L (by using two stage NF process developed at Long Beach Water Department [51]). Water recovery ranges from 75-90%, but may require application of scale inhibitors or extensive pretreatment depending on feed water quality. The energy required for NF membranes to perform separation is less than that required for SWRO or BWRO; while maintenance, robustness, reliability, flexibility, mobility, modularity, and operational footprint of NF membrane systems are equivalent to those of RO processes. NF membranes have been investigated on both pilot- and bench-scale for treatment of produced water [44, 48, 49]. The pilot-scale study [44] is discussed in the SWRO section of this report. Two bench-scale studies examined the treatment of CBM produced water with BWRO and NF membranes, and are discussed in the BWRO section of this report. A summary of the technical assessment for NF is listed in Table 14. Table 14. Summary of technical assessment of NF Criteria Status of technology Description/Rationale Mature and robust technology for water softening and metals removal in various sectors of the industrial and municipal water treatment sectors. Has been employed for produced water treatment. Product water recovery is between 75% and 90%. NF requires less energy than equivalent RO based systems for a similar feed water quality. Approximately 2 kWh/kgal (0.08 kWh/bbl) of energy is required to power the system’s high-pressure pumps [52]. Depending on operating conditions, NF membranes will require replacement within 3 to 7 years. Feed water quality bins TDS applicability range is highly dependent on feed solution composition, but may range from 500 to 25,000 mg/L. Most useful for treatment of water with divalent (Mg, Ca, Ba, SO4) electrolytes, multivalent metals (Fe, Mn), and radionuclides. Also applicable for specific classes of organic compounds. Product water quality NF permeate quality is dependent on feed water composition and operating conditions. High rejection (>99%) of larger divalent ions and metals with moderate rejection (<90%) of monovalent salts is expected. Recovery Energy use Expected lifetime of critical components Chemical use Scale inhibitor and caustic may be required for process control to prevent scaling or fouling. Chemical cleaning rates depend on feed water quality. Cleaning will typically occur after certain design specifications are exceeded, and may require the use of NaOH, Na4EDTA, HCl, Na2S2O4, or H2O2. 33PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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