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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Electrochemical Charge Driven Membrane Process Electrodialysis / Electrodialysis Reversal Electrodialysis (ED) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) are electrochemical charge driven separation processes in which dissolved ions are separated from water through ion permeable membranes under the influence of an electrical potential gradient. Ion exchange membranes, fabricated from ion exchange polymers, have the ability to selectively transport ions with a positive or negative charge and reject ions of the opposite charge. An ED stack consists of a series of anion exchange membranes (AEM) and cation-exchange membranes (CEM) arranged in an alternating mode between anode and cathode (Figure 9). The positively charged cations migrate toward the cathode, pass the cation-exchange membrane, and rejected by the anion- exchange membrane. The opposite occurs when the negatively charged anions migrate to the anode. This results in an alternating increasing ion concentration in one compartment (concentrate) and decreasing concentration in the other (diluate). The EDR process is similar to the ED process, except that it also uses periodic reversal of polarity to effectively reduce and minimize membrane scaling and fouling, thus allowing the system to operate at relatively higher recoveries. Cathode (-) Cation Exchange Membrane Anion Exchange Membrane Cation Exchange Membrane ------------ Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Diluate Concentrate Na+ Cl - Cl- Na+ Cl- Feed Anode(+) +++++++++++ Na+ Na+ Na+ Figure 9. Schematic diagram of an ED stack. The efficiency of ion transfer is determined by the current density and the residence time of the solutions within the membrane cells. The membrane selectivity decreases with increasing ion concentrations. EDR and ED processes are typically used in desalination of brackish water (up to about 8,000 mg/L TDS for EDR) and not seawater. This is because the cost of these processes increases substantially with increasing salinity or TDS concentration. The efficiency of ED or EDR is limited by several factors such as fouling/scaling, current efficiency, counter effects of co-ion transport, osmosis, and diffusion. Organic fouling can occur in the diluate compartments due to precipitation of large negatively charged anions on the anion exchange membranes. Sparingly soluble inorganic salts (e.g., CaSO4, CaCO3) and multivalent ions (e.g., iron and manganese) can also scale the cation exchange membranes by precipitation and fixation. This can reduce the ED efficiency by neutralizing or reversing the fixed charges in the membranes. This can be avoided by pretreatment of the feedwater with processes such as filtration for suspended solids, softening or pH lowering, and addition of antiscalant into the concentrate compartments. 35PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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