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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Depending on feedwater chemistry, water recovery in ED and EDR can be between 70 and 90%. ED membranes are not as susceptible to degradation by chlorine; therefore, dosing a small amount of chlorine to the feed water can control biological growth in the system. These features enable ED and EDR to treat surface and wastewaters having high concentrations of organic materials and microorganisms without significant fouling. EDR system is able to operate with maximum silt density index (SDI) of 15 compared to 5 for RO [53, 54]. A disadvantage of ED and EDR is its limited removal of non-charged constituents, including organics molecules, silica, boron, and microorganisms. ED and EDR have been successfully used at a number of municipal water and wastewater treatment plants to desalinate brackish water and reclaimed water [55, 56]. Laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the application of ED in treatment of produced water at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Gas Technology Institute (GTI) [56]. Moon et al. [57] used a laboratory ED prototype to treat CBM produced waters collected from the Powder River basin production field near Sheridan, Wyoming. The produced water was sodium bicarbonate type with TDS in the range of 1000-2000 mg/L. Preliminary results indicated water recovery of more than 90%. Energy consumption was in the range of 0.14 to 0.20 kWh/lb NaCl equivalent removed. 92% removal of dissolved solids was achieved [57]. At a scale of treatment exceeding 0.336 MGD (8,000 bbl/day) produced water, total costs were estimated to be below 15 cents per barrel for a treatment train that includes 5 m cartridge filter, ED to reduce electro- conductivity (EC) and sodium levels, and stabilization of the product water stream with limestone to increase calcium concentrations and to decrease SAR values from over 50 to below 4 [58]. Sirivedhin et al. [59] tested the ability of ED to treat low- and high salinity produced waters at laboratory scale. Synthetic water was used to simulate produced water qualities in CO, TX, and WY (TDS in the range of 4,000-5,000 mg/L, sodium bicarbonate type, and sodium bicarbonate/sodium sulfate type waters), UT (63,000 mg/L, sodium chloride type), and OK (97,000 mg/L, sodium chloride type). ED treatment is more cost-effective and energy-efficient when treating low TDS water (e.g. TDS 4,000-5,000 mg/L). The power required to treat the high TDS water was approximately 23 times higher than that required to treat the low TDS water. While energy costs are likely to preclude using ED to treat concentrated produced water, the technology shows promise for treatment of relatively clean produced water such as CBM water. Frac Water Inc. developed mobile treatment units using patent pending High Efficiency ED (HEED) treatment process for treating CBM produced water and reusing it in well fracturing [60]. The mobile treatment units treated produced water with TDS concentrations ranging from 11,400 to 27,000 mg/L and sulfates from 4,000 to 14,000 mg/L [61]. Pretreatment included cartridge filtration to remove particulate matter, carbon filters to remove organic matter, and weak acid cation exchange resins to remove hardness and iron. The ED treatment recovered 80- 90% of the brackish water. The HEEDTM stack configuration required up to 40% less membrane area that resulted in more than 70% increase in energy efficiency [62]. The product water quality met the requirements for the basic gel fracturing fluids. The drawbacks of the system are high treatment cost and membrane fouling. The membranes should be regularly washed or cleaned in place with dilute acid and alkali solutions to restore performance when required. A summary of the technical assessment of ED and EDR is listed in Table 15. 36PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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