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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Thermally Driven Membrane Process Membrane Distillation Membrane distillation (MD) is a novel thermally driven membrane separation process that utilizes a low-grade heat source to facilitate mass transport through a hydrophobic, microporous membrane. The driving force for mass transfer is a vapor pressure gradient between a feed solution and the distillate, and is the only membrane process that can maintain process performance (I.e., water flux and solute rejection) almost independently of feed solution TDS concentration. MD is most likely capable of producing ultra-pure water at a lower cost compared to conventionally distillation processes. Membrane materials commonly employed for MD include polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF). MD membranes may be packaged in either flat-sheet or hollow-fiber configurations. MD may be operated in four basic configurations: direct contact MD (DCMD), vacuum (VMD), air gap (AGMD), and sweeping gas (SGMD) [65]. Of these four configurations, DCMD and AGMD are the most likely to be deployed as either treatment or post-treatment for CBM produced water. During DCMD a warm feed stream flows on one side of the hydrophobic, micro-porous membrane, while a cooler aqueous solution flows counter-currently on the opposite side of the membrane. Molecules of water evaporate and diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Upon contact with the cold distillate solution on the product side of the membrane the vapor condenses and is assimilated into the distillate solution. AGMD works on a similar principle as DCMD; however, instead of a cooler distillate stream the permeate side of the membrane contains an air gap and a cold plate. As water vapor diffuses through the membrane it enters the quiescent air gap and condenses on the cold plate. A general illustration of the principles of DCMD and AGMD is shown in Figure 11. . Figure 11. Generalized illustration of the principles of MD. A warm feed stream containing various non-volatile solutes and water flow on the left side of the membrane. Water vapor diffuses through the membrane and condenses in a cold distillate on the right (Source: [66]). There is no documentation presently available that indicates that MD has been used for produced water treatment in the past. MD is an effective desalination technology because it is capable of treating feed waters with TDS concentration in excess of 35,000 mg/L. Theoretical rejection for all non-volatile solutes (including Na, SiO2, B, and heavy metals) is 100%; 39PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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