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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition however, compounds with higher volatility than water, such as BTEX and other organic compounds, will diffuse preferentially faster through the membrane. As a standalone process MD may be capable of achieving similar water recoveries as BWRO. Recovery may be improved to greater than 80% when coupled with crystallizer technologies to reduce scaling [67]. For pretreatment, MD processes require a pre-filter to screen out large particles and the complete removal of any surfactants present in the feed stream. If surfactants are present in the MD feed stream they will wet the hydrophobic pores of the MD membrane and cause pore flooding, which results in a substantial reduction in membrane solute rejection. Chemical demands for MD processes are similar to that required for pressure-driven membrane processes, however foulants and scale layers are more easily removed from the membrane because they are not physically compacted onto the membrane surface. MD requires that the feed solution temperature be elevated beyond that of the permeate side of the membrane; yet, a large temperature gradient is not required to facilitate high mass transfer. The temperature gradient can be as low as 20 °C [65]. The required temperature gradient may be harvested from low-grade waste heat generated from compressors, pumps, etc. and does not represent a significant operational cost. System maintenance is similar to that of pressure driven processes, and may require occasional system downtime to remove mineral scales or foulants. One benefit of MD is that the membranes are more chemically inert and resistant to oxidation than traditional RO and NF membranes, which allows for more efficient, chemically aggressive cleaning. The membrane module, recirculation pumps, and potentially a cooling system are the only components required for MD operations. The simplicity of MD process components means that they require little supervisory oversight. Membrane modules for MD have not undergone extensive optimization and may require larger footprints than a pressure driven system with equivalent capacity. MD is an extremely flexible technology for most variations in feed water quality and quantity; however, the introduction of any surfactant into the feed solution will adversely affect the process. As with many membrane technologies, MD modules can be readily integrated on mobile platforms and are highly modular. A summary of the technical assessment for MD is listed in Table 16. Table 16. Summary of technical assessment of MD Criteria Status of technology Description/Rationale Emerging thermally driven membrane technology, not previously employed for CBM produced water treatment. Feed water quality bins TDS application range is controlled by the presence of sparingly soluble salts. Yet, recent studies have demonstrated that scaling is not a major problem. Feed water TDS of 500 mg/L to greater than 50,000 mg/L is possible, and studies have demonstrated that more than 70,000 mg/L feed streams can be processes [68]. MD has 100% theoretical rejection of all non-volatile solutes. Product water quality MD distillate/condensate quality is equal to that of distilled water from thermally driven processes (TDS 2 to 10 mg/L). All solutes with higher volatility than water (such as ammonia) will preferentially diffuse into the product water. Recovery Product water recovery is between 60% and 95% [69]. 40PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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