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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes Forward Osmosis Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotically driven membrane process. During FO, water diffuses spontaneously from a stream of low osmotic pressure (the feed solution) to a hypertonic (draw) solution having a very high osmotic pressure. Unlike RO and NF, FO systems operate without the need for applying hydraulic pressure ( Figure 12). The membranes used for this process are dense, non-porous barriers similar to RO and NF membranes, but are composed of a hydrophilic, cellulose acetate active layer cast onto either a woven polyester mesh or a micro-porous support structure. Typically, the FO draw solution is composed of NaCl, but other draw solutions composed of NH4HCO3, sucrose, and MgCl2 have been proposed [71]. During FO the feed solution is concentrated while the draw solution becomes more dilute. Figure 13 illustrates a generic industrial scale application of FO, which requires the continuous reconcentration of the draw solution for sustainable system operation. One prominent method for reconcentrating the draw solution is to utilize an RO subsystem; this configuration will be discussed in Hybrid FO/RO systems. Figure 12. Water diffusion in FO and pressure driven membrane processes (RO and NF). For FO, ∆P is approximately zero and water diffuses to the more saline side of the membrane. For RO and NF, water diffuses to the less saline side due to hydraulic pressure (∆P>∆π). Saline feed water FO membrane unit Concentrated draw solution recycle Potable water Diluted draw solution Brine Figure 13. Schematic of a generic FO system for desalination. 42 Draw solute separationPDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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