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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Hybrid Membrane Technologies Numerous methods have been proposed to enhance recovery and minimize concentrated brine volume generation resulting from membrane desalination processes. Many of these methods couple multiple stages of membrane-based treatment processes with intermittent chemical precipitation or caustic addition. These processes include: dual NF, Dual RO with chemical precipitation, Dual RO with softening pretreatment with high pH operation (High Efficiency RO (HEROTM)), and Dual RO with Slurry Precipitation and Recycling RO (SPARRO). Other membrane hybrid processes include novel combinations of RO with other established or novel membrane technologies. These include coupling FO with RO and coupling RO with ED. Dual RO with chemical precipitation Dual RO with chemical precipitation is a physical-chemical method for enhancing recovery of conventional RO processes through treatment and minimization of concentrate. The process employs established technologies such as lime soda softening and a second stage RO [77-79]. As illustrated in Figure 14, this approach is based on treatment of the concentrate from a primary RO system using a physical-chemical process, followed by subsequent treatment in a secondary RO system. The chemical treatment step utilizes precipitation to remove calcium, magnesium, and other sparingly soluble salts, and is followed by filtration (e.g., media filtration or membrane filtration) for removing solids carryover from the precipitation process. The secondary RO system is then operated at a higher TDS, and requires higher pressures compared to the primary RO system. The combined recovery of the process is reported to be 95% or greater for brackish water. Figure 14. Dual RO with intermediate chemical precipitation. The positive attributes of this technology include the application of established unit processes and relatively low additional energy requirements. Negative attributes include additional chemicals, production of sludge from the chemical precipitation process, and footprint and costs of chemical feed and storage facilities. This approach has recently been pilot tested at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California [77]. A dual RO configuration with intermediate chemical precipitation has also been recently pilot tested at the Southern Nevada Water Authority [80]. This treatment process has not yet been utilized for CBM produced water. A summary of the technical assessment for a dual RO with chemical precipitation is listed in Table 18. 45PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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