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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Dual RO with SPARRO: Slurry Precipitation and Recycling RO In SPARRO, specific crystals are added to feed water to aid in precipitation of scaling compounds in a membrane application. For example, Gypsum crystals are used to precipitate calcium sulfate. The concept of adding crystals to feed water in tubular RO membrane systems for preferential precipitation and the concept of recycling the seeded slurry were first patented in 1980 [84]. Seed crystals are added to the water in a tubular RO membrane system and the scaling compounds are precipitated on the seed crystals instead of on the membrane. The seed crystals serve as preferential growth sites for calcium sulfate and other calcium salts and silicates, which begin to precipitate as their solubility products are exceeded during the concentration process within the membrane tubes. The slurry of seed crystals is recirculated in the RO system and the precipitates are removed from the system in a controlled fashion. Because the seed slurry is recirculated within the membranes, the process is confined to the use of a membrane configuration that will not plug, such as tubular membrane systems. Another patent was later awarded that focused on the methodology of determining adequate seed crystal concentration in the preferential precipitation systems [85]. A series of pilot tests were also performed by Resources Conservation Company (RCC) based on the original patented technology ([84, 85]. Subsequently, there have been other tests of the technology based on the concept of adding seed crystals to a tubular membrane configuration. Two variations of the further testing are discussed below. The first approach is illustrated in Figure 16 [86]. Figure 16. Schematic of Seeded Slurry Precipitation and Recycle RO (SPARRO). The water to be desalted is mixed with a stream of recycled concentrate containing the seed crystals and fed to the RO process. The concentrate with seed crystals is processed in a cyclone separator to separate the crystals, and the desired seed concentration is maintained in a reactor tank by controlling the rate of wasting the upflow and/or underflow streams from the separator. The combined recovery of the process is estimated to be greater than 90%. The positive attributes of this technology include relatively low energy costs. Negative attributes include requirement of tubular RO membranes, larger footprint for tubular membranes, and additional chemicals. This approach has been tested at pilot scale in South Africa, at the East 51PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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