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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition FO-RO Hybrid System During FO the feed solution is concentrated while the draw solution becomes more dilute. For the process to be sustainable on an industrial scale, the draw solution requires continuous reconcentration. One prominent method for reconcentrating the draw solution is to utilize an RO subsystem. Reconcentration with RO is a viable option because the draw solution does not contain high levels of sparingly soluble salts or foulants. Recent studies have shown that synergistically coupling FO with RO creates an exceptionally robust, multi-barrier system for treatment of highly impaired streams [69, 75, 89-91]. A system diagram is shown in Figure 17. Figure 17. Schematic drawing of a hybrid FO-RO system. Impaired feed water contacts one side of the forward osmosis. Water diffuses form the feed solution into the draw solution. An RO system is then employed to reconcentrate the draw solution and produce pure water permeate. Hybrid FO-RO systems have undergone pilot-scale testing at the Denver Water Recycling Facility with a feed source consisting of secondary and tertiary effluents [91]. Full- scale testing of a hybrid FO-RO system was completed at a landfill in the Pacific-Northwest of the United States [76]. During full-scale testing the system was employed to treat landfill leachate. Additional pilot scale testing is planned to occur in a brackish water desalination facility in southern California during the summer of 2010. The physical limit on the applicable TDS range for this process is the requirement that the draw solution have a higher osmotic pressure than the impaired feed water stream, and that the osmotic pressure of the draw solution is not prohibitive for reconcentration by RO. These limitations indicate that FO-RO systems are most applicable for a feed water TDS ranging from 500 mg/L to 35,000 mg/L. An FO-RO system provides two significant barriers, in the form of two dense, non-porous membranes, which allows for the system to treat highly impaired water with high rejection of solutes. The FO membrane will act to reject most contaminates in the feed water, including scale forming minerals, most organic compounds, and microorganisms. Employing a SWRO membrane for the RO stage will ensure high NaCl rejection (exceeding 99.7%) [69, 91]. The estimated water recovery for an FO-RO system is in excess of 96% [69]. FO membrane elements are not yet optimized and therefore require a larger operational footprint to achieve a similar water recovery to an RO system of equivalent production capacity. FO-RO systems may be deployed in highly portable, trailer mounted membrane skids, and are highly modular. An FO-RO system requires a stable source of electrical energy to operate. System cleaning is highly dependant on feed water quality; however, the FO membrane in highly resistant to membrane fouling and scaling. Mechanical cleaning of FO membrane modules has 54PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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