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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Thermal Technologies In distillation processes, energy is used to heat feed water that evaporates and then condenses to become purified water. Distillation technologies were traditionally used for large seawater desalination plants until the 1980s. In the past few decades the development of membrane separation processes such as RO and NF made them the technology of choice for most seawater and brackish water desalination; this is largely due to the higher energy requirements of conventional thermal desalination processes. Thermal separation processes are still employed in places where waste heat is readily available from power plants or other industries; this is particularly relevant in the Persian Gulf, where the cost of energy is relatively lower. Thermal separation technologies that are used for desalination include multi stage flash (MSF) distillation, multiple effect distillation (MED), and vapor compression distillation (VCD) [94]. In MSF, the feed water is heated, the pressure is lowered, and the water "flashes" into steam. This process constitutes one stage of a number of stages in series, each operating a lower temperature and pressure [95]. In MED, the feed water passes through a number of evaporators in series. Vapor from one series is subsequently used to evaporate water in the next series. The VCD process involves evaporation of feed water, compression of the vapor, and then recovering the heat of condensation to evaporate more feed water. Some distillation plants are hybrids of more than one desalination technology, such as MED-VCD [96]. The waste product from these processes is a solution with high salt concentration. By using hybrid thermal technologies, zero liquid discharge can be achieved through brine concentrator and crystallizer. Membrane systems typically have advantages over thermal processes. These include lower energy consumption, lower capital cost, and smaller physical footprint. However, feed water to membrane systems requires extensive pretreatment, and the processes are not applicable to very high salinity water (e.g., above seawater level of approximately 47,000 mg/L TDS). Recent innovations in materials, chemical additives for scale and corrosion control, and process engineering make thermal processes more attractive and competitive in certain applications, particularly for achieving zero liquid discharge and treating highly contaminated water. Besides distillation technologies, new thermal separation technologies such as freeze-thaw and dewvaporation have been developed for desalination of water. Back to the list of technologies 58PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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