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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Multi effect distillation The basic principle of a multi effect distillation (MED) system is to apply sufficient energy to bring the feed water to its boiling temperature and then to deliver the additional energy needed for the heat of vaporization to transform a portion of the saline water to steam. The final step is to condense the process steam as pure water. A “single stage” operation is very energy intensive. Multiple vessels can be used to make the process more efficient by operating the vessels (or effects) at successively reduced pressures to promote boiling at lower temperatures, and thus achieving multiple boiling and evaporation cycles, without the addition of more heat. Typically, 8 to 16 effects may be used in MED to minimize the energy consumption. A schematic of a conventional MED system using steam as a heat source, with four effects is illustrated in Figure 19. The feed water is distributed on the outside of the evaporator tubes in a thin film to promote rapid boiling and evaporation. Steam is condensed on the colder inside surface. The vapor produced in each effect is used to heat the feed water in the next effect. The following are the energy consuming components of an MED process: Steam of sufficient pressure to drive evaporation in the first stage. Energy for vacuum systems to reduce the boiling pressure in the downstream effects (if operated at low temperatures). Energy to pump the feed through the heat exchangers to the evaporator(s), to re- circulate the brine within each evaporator stage and to pump the condensate and brine through the heat recovery for exiting the system. Cooling water to condense the steam from the final stage. Figure 19. Schematic of a conventional MED system using steam as a heat source (Source: [101]). Energy efficiencies may be gained through combination of the evaporator systems with available low-pressure or waste steam/heat sources and by the addition of efficiency enhancement devices to a conventional MED system. Although the MED is an older technology than the MSF, it has not been extensively utilized for water production as MSF because of scaling problems associated with old designs. Recently, considerable improvements in MED systems have been introduced to reduce the undesirable characteristics (e.g., low heat transfer rate and high rates of scale formation) of the 62PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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