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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Vapor Compression Distillation In vapor compression distillation (VCD) systems, mechanical (mechanical vapor compression or MVC) or thermal (thermo vapor compression or TVC) compression of the vapor provides the heat for evaporation. The process compresses the vapor generated within the unit itself. The mechanical compressor is usually electrically or diesel driven. Thermal compression uses high-pressure steam. Compression raises the pressure and temperature of the vapor so that it can be returned to the evaporator and used as a heat source. A schematic of a VC system using steam as a heat source, with four effects stages is illustrated in Figure 20. Water vapor is drawn from the evaporation chamber by a compressor and except for the first stage the vapor is condensed on the outsides of tubes in the same chambers. The heat of condensation is used to evaporate a film of saline water applied to the insides of the tubes within the evaporation chambers. The low temperature VCD is a simple, reliable, and efficient process. Having a high capacity compressor allows operation at temperatures below 70°C, which reduces the potential for scale formation and corrosion [99]. The VCD process is generally used for small-scale desalination units; ranging from 0.026 to 0.79 MGD (1,100 - 18,000 bbl per day). The power consumption of larger units is approximately 30 kWh/kgal of product water (1.3 kWh/bbl) [99]. The VCD process is well established and is used for seawater desalination as well as treating produced water and RO concentrate (i.e., brine concentrator application) in a near-zero liquid discharge (ZLD) application. VCD units are often used for resorts, industries, and drilling sites where fresh water is not readily available. Vapor compression allows higher water recovery compared to conventional MSF and MED; the range of recoveries for conventional VCD is 40% for seawater [94]. To achieve ZLD, VCD can work as a crystallizer and the energy demand for concentrate evaporation and crystallization is 100-250 kWh/kgal (4.2 to 10.5 kWh/bbl) [102]. A summary of the technical assessment of VC is listed in Table 24. Figure 20. Simplified schematic of a VCD unit (Source: [94]). 65PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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